Education is a long road that lasts a lifetime. Follow the WORLD MAKERS learning path to create a more equal, fair and sustainable world. Learning path The future of an ageing population 1 A grandmother with her grandson in the Philippines There are two current trends in world population . It is growing at a slower rate than in the 20th centur y and it is also ageing. An ageing population means that the number of people aged 65 or over is increasing. This is a result of higher life expectancy and a lower number of births than ever before. This ageing threatens economic progress and the social welfare we are accustomed to. The working population finances the state's social expenditure through the taxes that they pay. However, the working population has to support a growing number of retired people. The social expenditure needed to cover the needs of the elderly population is drastically increasing. L E T ' S G E T S TA R T E D How has the average size of Spanish families changed? Why do you think this is? By how much has the number of women in the labour market increased since 1960? Do you think this is significant? Why do you think life expectancy has increased? What circumstances are necessary for social welfare to function? L E A R N I N G S I T UAT I O N 26 Ensure a minimum standard of welfare for everyone Millions of people do not have access to adequate health and sanitation systems, which puts their welfare in danger. You can do a population sur vey to help to raise awareness of the situation . I N T H I S U N I T. . . You will learn about the distribution of world population and how it has changed over time. You will understand the reasons for demographic ageing. You will analyse the demographic problems of the EU and Spain. You will take action. You will do a survey to find out people's needs and how they evaluate their quality of life. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES 1960 2020 HOUSEHOLD Average household size 4 people 2.5 people 1.2 children Over 16 % 40 % are under 25 years old 14.4 % of the total Spanish population 46.3 % of women participate in the labour market 19.4 % of the total Spanish population 6 % of the population 42.1 % of total expenditure 83.6 years 3 people of working age per elderly person 14 years old 74 years old 3 children 8 people of working age per elderly person 8.2 % of the total Spanish population 27 % of the total Spanish population Just over 2 % of the working population Less than 1 % of the population 5.2 % of total expenditure 69.9 years 20.1 % of women participate in the labour market Average number of childbirths per woman Population under 15 years old Percentage of women who work Dependent population over 64 years old Unemployment rate Population aged 65 and over Population aged 80 and over Life expectancy at birth On pensions WORK ELDERLY POPULATION STATE EXPENDITURE CHALLE N GE 27 O R G A N I S E Y O U R I D E A S 1 Summarise the characteristics of migratory movements. Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. 2 Compare. Copy and complete the table. CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION For the countries of origin For the countries that receive migrants … … 3 Draw a timeline like the one below. In the boxes, write down the global rate of demographic growth in each period, as well as the factors that account for this. C H E C K Y O U R P R O G R E S S … Mi gratory movement s According to the durat i on … According to the cause Forced … for example for example ... ... According to the dest inat i on main recipients main origins ... ... External (international ) … 4 Define the following terms: life expectancy at birth net migration rate population density demographic ageing generational replacement Think. Can a person be an emigrant and an immigrant at the same time? Explain your answer. 5 6 Calculate the crude birth and death rates and the rate of natural increase in Toledo in 2019. Then answer the questions. In 2019, the municipality of Toledo had 84,873 inhabitants. That year, 723 births and 559 deaths were registered . With only this data, can we say for certain that the population of Toledo increased? Why / Why not? A P P LY Y O U R K N O W L E D G E 19TH CENTURY 20TH CENTURY 21ST CENTURY Currently... In 2050... … … Use the STUDY NOTES to review the content of this unit. 46 7 Analyse the evolution of Brazil's demographic structure using the population pyramids. What was the shape of the population pyramid in 1970? Which age groups were the most numerous? What does this indicate? How has the population pyramid evolved since 1970? Which demographic transition model do you think corresponds to Brazil: that of a developed or a developing country? Explain why. Which word would you use to classify the Brazilian population according to the forecast for 2050? 8 Look at the graph of global migration flows and answer the questions. What is the main destination of European emigration? Why do you think that is? What are the main types of migration in Africa? 9 Assess what challenges the Spanish population will face in the coming years. 1 W H A T D I D I L E A R N ? Select the two characteristics that you believe best define world population dynamics. What do you consider are the key concepts of this unit? Name at least three key concepts in the unit and explain why you think each one is important. Did you find the content of this unit interesting? Which aspects interested you most? Demography i s the s tudy of human popu l at i ons . Do you th i nk i t i s an impor tant soc i a l sc i ence? Expl a in your answer. 10 I USED TO THINK… NOW I THINK… What did you believe about world population before studying this unit? Has your opinion changed? Which specific aspects do you think you were wrong about? 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 80 - 84 75 - 79 85 and ove r % SOURC E : UN. 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 7 6 Ma l e p o p u l a t i o n F ema l e p o p u l a t i o n 1 9 7 0 959143_02_p073_h01_piramide_Brasil_1970 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 80 - 84 75 - 79 85 and ove r % SOURC E : UN. 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Ma l e p o p u l a t i o n F ema l e p o p u l a t i o n 2 0 1 5 959143_02_p073_h02_piramide_Brasil_2015 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 80 - 84 75 - 79 85 and ove r % SOURC E : UN. 0 1 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Ma l e p o p u l a t i o n F ema l e p o p u l a t i o n F o r e c a s t f o r 2 0 5 0 959143_02_p073_ 03_piramide_Brasil_2050 SOURC E : UN, 2 0 2 1 . Africa Asia Europe USA and Canada Oceania Or i g i n Des t i na t i on Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean USA and Canada Oceania Latin America and the Caribbean 959143_02_p73_ 04_ ujos_migratorios 47 5. Migration: searching for a better life What is migration? Migration, or migrator y movement, is when the population moves from their place of origin to another destination , involving a change of residence. (11) Migration has always occurred , but nowadays it is higher for two reasons: Better and cheaper transport makes it easier to move around . Information and communication technologies make it easier to obtain information about other places. People migrate to different destinations: Most migration takes place within the countr y of birth. In recent years, migration to other countries in the same geographical region has increased . Migration to more distant high-income countries has also risen . In 2020, around 281 million people (3.6 % of the world population) were living in a foreign countr y. Two-thirds of them were living in just 20 countries. (12) In addition , around 700 million were living in a different territor y to the one in which they were born , but within their own countr y. The causes and effects of migration People relocate for different reasons and this has positive and negative effects on both the countries of origin and the destinations. 11. Classification of migratory movements TYPES OF MIGRATION Voluntary Forced by conflicts According to the duration Permanent Temporary According to the cause According to the destination Internal, or national External, or international 38 REASONS WHY PEOPLE EMIGRATE EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON COUNTRIES Economic. The most common causes are a lack of work opportunities or poor working conditions or salaries in the place of origin . Social and family. For example, to have access to better health care, education , etc. Also, to join family members who emigrated previously. Political and religious. Due to wars or ideological , religious or ethnic persecution . This is the case of refugees. Natural disasters. Earthquakes, floods, prolonged droughts, etc. Demographic. As emigrants are mostly young, the average age of the populations increases in the areas they depart from. In contrast the average age decreases in the areas the migrants arrive in . Economic. In the countries emigrants leave, unemployment falls and money from emigrants arrives. In the countries emigrants move to, they help to finance social expenditure through their taxes, but unemployment can rise. Cultural and social . Multiculturalism enriches, but many immigrants find it difficult to integrate. They may also become victims of xenophobia . 1 Investigate • Look at the report Desplazamientos y migraciones climáticas: un reto que debemos afrontar, which was produced by the PDMC. Is there a risk of climate migration in Spain? Why? 959143_02_p65_mund i_mi graciones A T L A N T I C O C E A N I N D I A N O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N SOURCE: UN, 2021. 0 1.400 kilometres Scale , Less than 5 From 5 to 10 From 10 to 15 959143_02_p65_leyenda_mundi_migraciones From 15 to 20 More than 20 Foreign population (in %) Ma i n count r i es o f or i g i n Ma i n hos t count r i es Mex i co ( 11 mi l l i on ) I nd i a ( 18 mi l l i on ) Ch i na ( 11 mi l l i on ) Rus s i a ( 10 mi l l i on ) Sy r i a ( 8 mi l l i on ) USA ( 51 mi l l i on ) Ge rmany ( 16 mi l l i on ) Saud i Ar ab i a ( 13 mi l l i on ) Rus s i a ( 12 mi l l i on ) UK ( 9 mi l l i on ) 959143_02_p065_h02_pobl_inmig_inter 12. International migration: foreign population by country Climate migration Currently, some of the migration that takes place around the world is caused directly or indirectly by extreme weather phenomena resulting from climate change. These weather phenomena include droughts, hurricanes and floods. In 2019, natural disasters forced around 24 million people to abandon their homes and settle in other less affected areas of their own countries. This type of migration is known as climate migration. (13) The World Bank warns that by 2050, in the regions of Southeast Asia , sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America , there will be a total of 140 million internal migrants due to the effects of climate change. E X P L O R E 13. Causes of climate migration 959143_02_p67_h03_migraciones_climaticas SOURCE: IDMC, 2020 Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons: 13.6 million Other causes: 0.1 million Fires: 1.2 million Floods: 14 million Define: migratory movement. List the main reasons why people emigrate and where they emigrate to. Explain the positive and negative consequences mass immigration could have in Spain. Classify. If you decided to study in Canada next year, would it be classified as migration? If so, what type of migration would it be? K E Y Q U E S T I O N S 39 LEARNING SITUATION. THE CHALLENGE 1 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 2 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 Think about a real or imaginary situation from daily life with the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS in mind, in order to begin the learning process. Contribute to the achievement of one or several of the targets by doing the challenge. Take the Challenge! Go further and investigate. EXPLORE cases, characters and other interesting aspects that will expand your knowledge of the world. To do this, look for reliable information, organise it carefully and draw your conclusions. WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT? Evaluate: think about what you have learnt and how you constructed your knowledge. Organise your ideas and apply your knowledge to different contexts and situations in the CHECK YOUR PROGRESS activities. Think, make connections and communicate critically by doing the ACTIVITIES throughout the book. Work like a specialist. With the help of the BE A GEOGRAPHER sections you can practise what you learn. Exercise your mind. Practise THINKING TECHNIQUES that will enhance your powers of reflection and thinking. Use the KEY QUESTIONS to review and ensure you have understood the content. Acquire essential knowledge from the clearly explained content and strong visual language: drawings, maps, timelines, etc. 6. Current migration flows Continental and regional differences Migration flows are the number of people entering and leaving a territor y during a specific period of time. The main reason for migration is work opportunities. Therefore, flows are determined by the economic situation in the countries people leave and arrive in . However, other factors also influence emigrants' choice of destination , including: geographical proximity, culture ( language, religion , etc.) and family. Migration flows are different in each continent and region : Asia It is mainly a continent of emigration. Asia accounts for over 40 % of global international migration . Most emigrants are from India and China. Over half of these emigrants choose another Asian countr y as their destination in search of better economic conditions. Others are escaping from areas of violent conflict, like Syria . Arab states like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are among the most popular destinations. Outside Asia, the main destination is Europe. In 2019, Europe received 50 % of the emigrants that left Asia . Canada and the USA received 38 %. Europe In 2020, Europe received 86.7 million international migrants. Over half the immigrants that arrived in a European countr y came from another European countr y. The main countries of origin are Eastern European countries (Russia , Ukraine, Poland , etc.). The number of immigrants arriving from other continents has been increasing since 1990. In 2019, it reached 39 million . These immigrants mainly come from Asia and North Africa. Germany, Russia , the United Kingdom (UK) and France receive the greatest numbers. There were around 19 million European emigrants in 2019. They mainly settle in the USA, Canada and Asia. America The USA and Canada receive many immigrants. In 2020, the figure was almost 59 million . This included 26.6 million from Latin America, 17.4 million from Asia and 7 million from Europe. Latin America is a region of emigration. Mexico is the second largest global source of emigrants (after India). Oceania Australia and New Zealand are the main destinations. They receive immigrants from their own continent who emigrate for work, to study or to escape natural disasters. They have around 7.7 million immigrants from other continents. 49 % are Asian (mainly from China and India) and 38 % are European (mainly from the UK and Germany). The number of Asian immigrants is increasing the fastest. Africa International migration figures are high . In 2019: Within the continent, 21 million people were living in another African countr y. 19 million were living on other continents. People from North African countries (Egypt, Morocco, etc.) emigrate the most. Within the continent, the main destination is South Africa. Outside the continent, the most popular destinations are European countries due to their proximity and historical ties. In 2019, there were 10.6 million Africans living in Europe. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA MEXICO UKRAINE TURKEY R U S S I A KAZAKHSTAN SYRIA SAUDI ARABIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES INDIA AFGHANISTAN CHINA BANGLADESH HONG KONG PHILIPPINES IRAN PALESTINE JORDAN O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N I N D I A N P A C I F I C O C E A N A T L A N T I C O C E A N 0 1,250 kilometres Scale SOURCE: UN, International migrant stock, BBVA, 2020. 959143_02_p67_mundi_ ujos_migracion List the main regions that people emigrate from and the main regions people immigrate to. K E Y Q U E S T I O N S 40 Analyse a world migration flow map A flow map shows a mobile geographical feature, like population movements. Arrows are normally used to connect the points of origin and destination and indicate the direction in which the movements occur. On some flow maps, the arrows are different widths. In this case, each arrow is proportional to the value it represents. These types of arrows show the direction and size of movements. (16) Between which countries are migration flows highest? Between which regions are the flows greatest? Name three countries with a high number of immigrants and three with a high number of emigrants. Where do the immigrants to the USA mainly come from? Which factors can explain this migration flow? Are there large migration movements between areas within the same country? Why do you think this is? Share the conclusions you reached by analysing the map. Your turn 1 B E A G E O G R A P H E R Take these aspects into account: The key. This contains the colours and symbols on the map and explains their meaning. The direction and width of the arrows. These identify the places of origin and destinations of migration flows, as well as their relative size. Así se hace How to do it 16. Main migration flows between two countries or regions Migratory movements* 2 to 3 million 3 to 4 million *Total number of emigrants living in the country of destination in 2020 More than 10 million 959143_02_p67_leyenda_mundi_ ujos_migracion L 6
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy