With the STUDY NOTES you can revise the key concepts of each unit and check your progress. Gi ant s t hat watch t he sky The Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) The GTC is currently the largest and one of the most advanced infrared optical telescopes in the world . It is found in one of the best locations in the Northern Hemisphere, the Roque de los Muchachos Obser vator y (La Palma , Islas Canarias). Its primar y mirror consists of 36 hexagonal segments acting together as a single mirror with a diameter of 10.4 metres. Thanks to this large mirror and advanced engineering, the GTC is among the best performing telescopes for astronomical research . In its first 12 years of obser vation , the GTC has allowed us to see the cosmos as never before. There is almost no type of astronomical object that the GTC has not explored with its obser vations: extrasolar planets, evolved stars, black holes, primitive stars, magnetic fields in the centre of the galaxy, faint galaxies, dark matter, gravitational lenses and highly energetic explosive events, among others. IAC Bulletin (Adapted) “The scientific results obtained with the GTC,” says Rafael Rebolo, current director of the IAC, “are exceptional, not only for the quantity of data obtained and scientific articles published, but also for their quality and impact. In its work carrying out frontier science, certain observations stand out, such as the detection of the galaxy UG00180, at a distance of 500 million light years, whose images are the furthest taken of any galaxy from the Earth.” Francisco Sánchez is the founder and first director of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC). He promoted and developed the GTC project. Several institutions in Mexico and the University of Florida (USA) collaborate with this Spanish project. The IAC includes the obser vator y on La Palma and the Teide Obser vator y on Tenerife. They contain the largest collection of optical and infrared facilities for astrophysics inside the European Union . Franc i s co Sánchez 1936. Toledo. Spain Astrophysicist The GTC wa s i naugu rated i n 2009 > Find out why its presence on the island of La Palma makes Roque de los Muchachos a very important place for astronomy. 4 Study the information and apply your essential knowledge to different contexts and situations. Do the activities in the ORGANISE YOUR IDEAS and CHECK YOUR PROGRESS sections. Critical thinking. Analyse a news article and answer the questions that will help you to think about and show your reasoning. Make connections between Biology and Geology and other subject areas to help you understand the world you live in. Complete the challenge and tell other people what you have achieved. Share the results with the people around you. In this way, you are contributing to the construction of a better world for everyone. Atlantic forest • The Atlantic forest ecosystem is found in regions with an Atlantic climate in the northern half of the peninsula. • It consists mainly of deciduous trees, especially beech and oak. Other species include birch and ash. Under the trees, shrubs, ferns and moss grow. • The fauna includes rare species, such as the Iberian brown bear and the capercaillie. Deer, wild boars and many types of woodpeckers also live here. Mediterranean forest • In regions with a Mediterranean climate, the summers are warm and dry and winters are cool and wet. • The vegetation consists of forests of evergreen trees with small, leathery leaves. The main species is the holm oak. The cork oak, the Valencian oak and the Aleppo pine also grow here. A variety of shrubs are found here, such as the wild olive, rockrose and strawberry tree. • Endemic animal species live here, such as the Spanish imperial eagle and the Iberian lynx. Others include the rabbit, the red-legged partridge and the ocellated lizard. Ocellated lizard Red-legged partridge Holm oak Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido High mountain or alpine • Alpine areas have very cold winters and dry summers. In winter the ground is covered in snow and ice. The highest mountains are always covered in snow and sometimes have glaciers. However, these are beginning to melt. • In the high mountains there are no trees. Shrubs and many herbaceous plants often form meadows. • Many alpine animals have to hibernate or migrate to lower areas in winter. They include the chamois, the Iberian wild goat and the golden eagle. Chamois Ecosystems in Spain Deer Great spotted woodpecker 208 ES0000000100241 959327_Anexo1_112722.indd 208 28/12/21 9:28 C O N C E P T M A P > Copy and complete the concept map. made of … carbohydrates … nucleic acids … life processes bacteria unicellular … plant cell membrane cytoplasm … mitochondria organelles cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm … … kingdom phylum … order … genus species nutrition autotrophs herbivores … omnivores … LIVING THINGS CELLS LIFE PROCESSES … substances CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS taxonomic categories kingdoms water … Animal … Fungi … Monera carry out formed of inorganic substances eukaryotic multicellular sensitivity … cell wall … vacuole asexual … 19 4 ES0000000100257 959353_Unidad04_109950.indd 19 28/12/21 9:32 In addition, there is helpful support material available: The NATURE ATLAS at the end of the book will help you to better understand the world around you. A notebook with INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCE helps you to understand the importance of science in our society. It also includes a SCIENTIFIC GLOSSARY with activities. o r g a n i s e yo u r i d e a s 4 c h e c k yo u r p r o g r e s s 35 Name three characteristics that help us to tell the difference between a rock (or another inert object) and a living thing. 36 Copy and complete the following text in your notebook: Living things are mostly made of … matter, but they can also contain … matter. … matter includes complex substances that contain … . … matter includes simpler substances that do not contain … . 37 Identify the substance in each of these sentences. Are they organic or inorganic substances? a) It is the main source of energy for living things. b) It is the most abundant substance in living things. c) It forms bones and shells. d) It forms part of structures, such as muscles. e) It stores energy. f ) It controls cell function. 38 Investigate the work of the scientist Esther Lederberg. a) What type of cells did she study? b) What characteristics do these cells have? c) Her husband received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for work that they did together. Does that seem fair to you? Find out about similar cases. 26 V O C A B U L A R Y. Define these concepts: biosphere organic matter inorganic matter 27 D I A G R A M . Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. First, fill in the gaps. Then, add another level to each of the three categories. characterised by They are made of … substances Living things They are formed of one or many … They carry out three … 28 TA B L E . Copy and complete the table. Mark the corresponding types of cells with an X. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic animal Eukaryotic plant Chloroplasts … … … Mitochondria … … … Cell membrane … … … Cell wall … … … The simplest type of cell … … … Genetic material … … … Nucleus … … … Large central vacuole … … … Cytoplasm … … … 29 What characteristics are common to all cells? See the table in the previous activity. 30 Why do we say that cells are alive? 31 D R AW I N G . Copy in your notebook these illustrations of cells. Label the parts of each cell. 32 Explain the different types of nutrition that living things carry out. What are the differences between them? 33 D I A G R A M . Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. Write the names of the taxa in order from largest to the smallest. Kingdom … … … … … … 34 TA B L E . Make a table to show the characteristics of the five kingdoms of living things. Write the name of a kingdom at the top of each column. Use these headings for the rows: Cell type, Number of cells, Nutrition, Has tissues, Can move. 39 Are the following phrases true or false? Correct the false answers. a) Only animal cells have chloroplasts. b) All cells have a cell wall. c) All cells have a nucleus, a cell membrane and cytoplasm. d) Plant cells have a large vacuole that occupies most of the cell. e) Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotes. 40 Why do living things need matter and energy? Explain your answer using examples. 41 What is the relationship between autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms? 42 Look at the photos below and answer the questions. A C B D a) What type of nutrition does each of these living things carry out? b) What type of reproduction does each one use? 43 The bird in the photo is a bearded tit. Find the scientific name of the bird. Make an index card that includes the taxa to which it belongs. A B C Use the Study Notes to review the content of this unit. 89 88 ES0000000100241 959327_Unidad04_104476.indd 89 28/12/21 8:58 50 Cells are very small. We measure their size in micrometres (µm). A micrometre is one-thousandth of a millimetre. Look at the drawing. Then represent the size of each type of cell on a bar graph. 51 Some living things can cause us serious harm. For example, many bacteria can cause illnesses. a) What are diseases caused by bacteria called? b) Name three of these diseases. c) What medicines are used to cure diseases caused by bacteria? 44 Define the word "species". Then write down three examples of a species. Include their common and scientific names. 45 Look at the photos of living things and answer the questions. A D B E C F a) Which kingdom does each of the living things belong to? b) What do they have in common? c) Compare the living things in the top row with the images directly below. How is each pair similar and different? 46 Everyone in your class is part of the Animal kingdom. Imagine that the students belong to the phylum ESO 1. a) Invent criteria to classify the group into three different classes. For example, the clothes they wear, a physical characteristic, etc. b) Then, decide how to classify each class into two different orders. 48 Read the news article. Then answer the questions. a) What is an oocyte? b) If Yuka died approximately 10 000 years ago, how is it possible that the remains of her flesh and skin have been preserved? Find out about permafrost. c) Write down the taxonomic categories of a mammoth as far as its genus. d) What is DNA? e) In the final paragraph, what does "resurrect a mammoth" mean? Find out when mammoths became extinct. What do people believe caused the extinction? Posters about living things Work as a team to organise the challenge. Divide the class into groups of four or five people. Each group will make a poster. The posters can be different types. For example, they can explain why plants and other autotrophs are important for the planet and for other living things, or why detritivores and decomposers are important for the biosphere. You can also explain why some specific species of living things are important. In your groups, select living things from all the kingdoms. Do not forget to give their scientific name and some information about the way they carry out their life processes, their cell types, etc. Display your work. Take photos of the poster and create a virtual exhibition on the school's website. 4 c h e c k yo u r p r o g r e s s W E L L D O N E ! 47 B I O L O G Y A N D S O C I E T Y. Our society faces big environmental problems: oil supplies are running out, and oil (and the products we obtain from oil ) also causes pollution. a) Look for information about biofuels. b) Identify three living things from which we can obtain biofuel. c) What is the advantage of using biofuel to our society? 49 BIOLOGY AND CINEMA . Jurassic Park is a science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg that was released in 1993. Watch the film or look for information about it. Then answer the questions: a) What group of extinct animals does the film recreate? b) Where did the scientists in the film get the cells that they used to re-create the animals? c) Look for information about other living things that have become extinct. Make an index card for each living thing in your notebook. Write down its name, its classification, where it lived and when it became extinct. 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm Signs of biological activity are found in the cel l s of a wool ly mammoth Can mammoths be revived by transferring the nuclei of cells from their tissues to the oocytes of a modern species? There is a long way to go before this can be achieved. However, a group of scientists from Kindai University in Osaka ( Japan) has carried out an experiment. They implanted woolly mammoth cell nuclei into mouse oocytes, and found signs of biological activity. Although the mammoth died thousands of years ago, cell activity can still occur. In 2012, the remains of a woolly mammoth calf were found preser ved in the permafrost in Siberia . Yuka – as the calf was named – died at least 10 000 years ago […]. Her body still had a lot of meat and skin . It was a great discover y, unlike similar remains where only the bones were preser ved . To resurrect a mammoth , we need to find well-preser ved biological samples that have undamaged DNA. Scientific techniques also need to be developed . But the fact that there is biological activity in cells that are thousands of years old opens the way to further research in this area . muyinteresante.es, 20th March 2019 (Adapted) CHALLENGE 91 90 ES0000000100241 959327_Unidad04_104476.indd 90-91 28/12/21 8:58 FINAL ACTIVITIES 5 THE CHALLENGE 6 33 Magma. Underground molten rock that contains dissolved gases, mainly carbon dioxide and water vapour. When magma flows onto Earth's surface, it is called lava . Mammals. A group of vertebrates. The females have glands that can produce milk to feed their young. Mantle. A solid layer of the geosphere between the crust and the core. The mantle is about 2 900 kilometres thick and its main component is peridotite. Melting. The process through which a change of state from solid to liquid occurs. Mesosphere. A layer of the atmosphere located above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. Metamorphic. A type of rock formed when other rocks are transformed (without melting ) by high temperatures, high pressure or hot fluids. These rocks include slate and gneiss. Metamorphosis. The process that some animals, like caterpillars, go through as they develop. The transformation starts when they leave the egg and ends when they reach their adult form. Microorganism. A living thing that can only be seen under a microscope. For example, bacteria . Mineral . Solid , pure and naturally occurring substances. They can be made from a single chemical element or from various chemical elements. Rocks are made of minerals. Mineral salts. Inorganic substances that are found in living and non-living things. In living things, mineral salts form ver y hard structures, such as shells, teeth and bones. Mitochondria. Cellular organelles of eukar yotes that produce energy through cellular respiration . Molluscs. A group of invertebrates that have a soft unsegmented body. The body is divided into the head , the foot and a visceral mass. For example, snails, mussels and octopuses. From the Latin molluscus: soft. Mould. Multicellular and microscopic fungi that feed on decomposed organic matter. Mycelium. A network of hyphae of a fungus. It is found underground , where the fungus obtains food . Mycorrhiza. The symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the root of a plant. The roots provide organic matter to the fungus, while the fungus helps the roots to absorb water and mineral salts. Myriapods. A group of invertebrates that have a body made up of segments. Each segment contains one pair of legs (centipedes) or two pairs (millipedes). From the Greek myria: ver y numerous and podo: foot. > Write three examples of hermaphrodite animals. > Search and find out whether mitochondria have a membrane. > What do lichen and mycorrhiza have in common? M
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