The science project Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Doctor Known as the father of immunology, he was the first to use science to prevent disease, developing, in 1796, the first vaccine in histor y. He was born in England , but the French National Assembly granted him citizenship in 1800 becasuse of his great discoveries and scientific advances. He discovered the smallpox vaccine by inoculating an eight-year -old boy with infected material from a person with cowpox. This caused the boy to develop a fever, but not a serious illness. Later, he returned to inoculate him with human smallpox and found that the boy did not develop the disease. From there, the practice of vaccination spread throughout the world . Hippocrates of Kos (460 AC-370 AC) Doctor Hippocrates is considered the father of Western medicine. He studied Medicine, Philosophy and other subjects, and founded a school in Kos, Greece. His method was based on observation and experience in the study of diseases, establishing a cause to natural phenomena instead of the intervention of the gods, as his contemporaries believed. He also considered that health depended on a proper diet, fresh air and personal hygiene. In addition, he is credited with the oath that bears his name: the Hippocratic Oath, which is still used today. It is a traditional declaration made at the beginning of a medical career. Robert Koch (1843-1910) Doctor and microbiologist Born in Germany, he was a bacteriologist who established the foundations of modern medical microbiology. In 1880, he became director of the bacteriological laborator y of the Imperial Health Department in Berlin , where he discovered the tuberculosis bacterium in 1882. A year later, he was credited with the discover y of the cholera bacterium, ignoring the previous work of Filippo Pacini , who had already discovered it in 1854. He also researched the methods of identification and control of bacteria in the laborator y. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 and formulated Koch’s postulates, which link a disease to the pathogen that causes it. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Chemist and bacteriologist He studied in Paris, became professor of Chemistr y at the University of Strasbourg and directed the Institut Pasteur since its inauguration in 1888. He discovered that some foods were spoiled by fermentation due to microorganisms. He heated these substances to eliminate them, and so invented pasteurisation , a process that is widely used today. He also formulated the germ theor y of infectious diseases, according to which their cause was a microscopic living thing capable of spreading between people. In addition , he found that weakened strains of a disease allow people to develop immunity against them. Great scientists Throughout histor y, many people have stood out because of their scientific careers, as they helped to advance knowledge in biology, geology and environmental sciences. 14
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