Education is a long road that lasts a lifetime. Follow the WORLD MAKERS learning path to create a more equal, fair and sustainable world. Learning path The future of an ageing population 1 A grandmother with her grandson in the Philippines There are two current trends in world population . It is growing at a slower rate than in the 20th centur y and it is also ageing. An ageing population means that the number of people aged 65 or over is increasing. This is a result of higher life expectancy and a lower number of births than ever before. This ageing threatens economic progress and the social welfare we are accustomed to. The working population finances the state's social expenditure through the taxes that they pay. However, the working population has to support a growing number of retired people. The social expenditure needed to cover the needs of the elderly population is drastically increasing. L E T ' S G E T S TA R T E D How has the average size of Spanish families changed? Why do you think this is? By how much has the number of women in the labour market increased since 1960? Do you think this is significant? Why do you think life expectancy has increased? What circumstances are necessary for social welfare to function? L E A R N I N G S I T UAT I O N 26 Ensure a minimum standard of welfare for everyone Millions of people do not have access to adequate health and sanitation systems, which puts their welfare in danger. You can do a population sur vey to help to raise awareness of the situation . I N T H I S U N I T. . . You will learn about the distribution of world population and how it has changed over time. You will understand the reasons for demographic ageing. You will analyse the demographic problems of the EU and Spain. You will take action. You will do a survey to find out people's needs and how they evaluate their quality of life. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES 1960 2020 HOUSEHOLD Average household size 4 people 2.5 people 1.2 children Over 16 % 40 % are under 25 years old 14.4 % of the total Spanish population 46.3 % of women participate in the labour market 19.4 % of the total Spanish population 6 % of the population 42.1 % of total expenditure 83.6 years 3 people of working age per elderly person 14 years old 74 years old 3 children 8 people of working age per elderly person 8.2 % of the total Spanish population 27 % of the total Spanish population Just over 2 % of the working population Less than 1 % of the population 5.2 % of total expenditure 69.9 years 20.1 % of women participate in the labour market Average number of childbirths per woman Population under 15 years old Percentage of women who work Dependent population over 64 years old Unemployment rate Population aged 65 and over Population aged 80 and over Life expectancy at birth On pensions WORK ELDERLY POPULATION STATE EXPENDITURE CHALLE NGE 27 2 Summarise the European Union institutions. Copy and complete the table in your notebook. 3 In your notebook: Make a table summarising the Spanish state institutions. Draw a diagram showing the territorial organisation of Spain. O R G A N I S E Y O U R I D E A S 1 Summarise the characteristics of states. Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. INSTITUTION MEMBERS FUNCTIONS … Members of the European Parliament, elected by European citizens. … … … … … … … … … … The Court of Justice of the EU … … … … … … … Manages the euro, maintains price stability and formulates the EU's economic and monetary policy. States Cons i st of … Different bodies and institutions The i r ma in funct i ons are … … … According to the ter r i tor i a l di st r ibut i on of power according to who the head of state is … … According to the po l i t i ca l system C H E C K Y O U R P R O G R E S S Use the Study Notes to review the content of this unit. … … … … … … … 260 A P P LY Y O U R K N O W L E D G E 4 Define the following concepts. hybrid regime statute of autonomy universal suffrage social state cyberterrorism 5 Compare a democracy and a dictatorship. Make an index card for each political system, like in this example: Political system: … Three defining characteristics: … … … A state with this type of government: ... 6 Explain what the UN is. Identify and assess its strengths and weaknesses. 8 Identify the member states of the European Union. Trace a blank map of Europe and do the following: Colour the EU member states blue and write their names. Outline with a dotted line the countries that founded the EU. Draw a euro symbol on each of the countries that belong to the eurozone. 9 Read the following statement. "An à la carte Europe, in which each member only agrees to what is most convenient for them, cannot be our goal , as this amounts to a Europe sailing at the speed of the slowest ship." Helmut Kohl , on German Unity Day in 2015 Find out who Helmut Kohl was. What problems was he referring to in this statement? To which European Union challenges would you relate this quote? Explain why. Do you agree with Kohl's opinion? 9 W H A T D I D I L E A R N ? Before starting this unit, what did you know about state alliances and cooperation? What have you learnt? What do you think are the key concepts of this unit? Can you make any connections among them? Explain your answer. What have you found most interesting in this unit? What parts of the unit have you found most difficult? Why? Do you think progress is being made in international cooperation to create a fairer world? In what ways is progress being made? Give some examples. 7 THINK AND COMPARE IN PAIRS On the internet, find Ursula von der Leyen's speech on the conclusions of the European Council meeting on April 26th 2021. (https:// ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/ en/speech_21_1965 von der Leyen's speech from minute 13 onwards). Listen to the speech. Find out who von der Leyen is and about the event, called sofagate, that inspired this speech. What does Ursula von der Leyen denounce in her speech? Tell your partner which aspects you think are most important. Think. What action does the President of the European Commission ask the EU to take? Do you think this is another challenge currently facing the organisation? If the EU expands in the future, should members veto countries that refuse to sign the Istanbul Convention? Find out what the Istanbul Convention is and reach a conclusion. 261 5. Migration: searching for a better life What is migration? Migration, or migrator y movement, is when the population moves from their place of origin to another destination , involving a change of residence. (11) Migration has always occurred , but nowadays it is higher for two reasons: Better and cheaper transport makes it easier to move around . Information and communication technologies make it easier to obtain information about other places. People migrate to different destinations: Most migration takes place within the countr y of birth. In recent years, migration to other countries in the same geographical region has increased . Migration to more distant high-income countries has also risen . In 2020, around 281 million people (3.6 % of the world population) were living in a foreign countr y. Two-thirds of them were living in just 20 countries. (12) In addition , around 700 million were living in a different territor y to the one in which they were born , but within their own countr y. The causes and effects of migration People relocate for different reasons and this has positive and negative effects on both the countries of origin and the destinations. 11. Classification of migratory movements TYPES OF MIGRATION Voluntary Forced by conflicts According to the duration Permanent Temporary According to the cause According to the destination Internal, or national External, or international 38 REASONS WHY PEOPLE EMIGRATE EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON COUNTRIES Economic. The most common causes are a lack of work opportunities or poor working conditions or salaries in the place of origin . Social and family. For example, to have access to better health care, education , etc. Also, to join family members who emigrated previously. Political and religious. Due to wars or ideological , religious or ethnic persecution . This is the case of refugees. Natural disasters. Earthquakes, floods, prolonged droughts, etc. Demographic. As emigrants are mostly young, the average age of the populations increases in the areas they depart from. In contrast the average age decreases in the areas the migrants arrive in . Economic. In the countries emigrants leave, unemployment falls and money from emigrants arrives. In the countries emigrants move to, they help to finance social expenditure through their taxes, but unemployment can rise. Cultural and social . Multiculturalism enriches, but many immigrants find it difficult to integrate. They may also become victims of xenophobia . 1 Investigate • Look at the report Desplazamientos y migraciones climáticas: un reto que debemos afrontar, which was produced by the PDMC. Is there a risk of climate migration in Spain? Why? 959143_02_p65_mund i_mi graciones A T L A N T I C O C E A N I N D I A N O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N P A C I F I C O C E A N SOURCE: UN, 2021. 0 1.400 kilometres Scale , Less than 5 From 5 to 10 From 10 to 15 959143_02_p65_leyenda_mundi_migraciones From 15 to 20 More than 20 Foreign population (in %) Ma i n count r i es o f or i g i n Ma i n hos t count r i es Mex i co ( 11 mi l l i on ) I nd i a ( 18 mi l l i on ) Ch i na ( 11 mi l l i on ) Rus s i a ( 10 mi l l i on ) Sy r i a ( 8 mi l l i on ) USA ( 51 mi l l i on ) Ge rmany ( 16 mi l l i on ) Saud i Ar ab i a ( 13 mi l l i on ) Rus s i a ( 12 mi l l i on ) UK ( 9 mi l l i on ) 959143_02_p065_h02_pobl_inmig_inter 12. International migration: foreign population by country Climate migration Currently, some of the migration that takes place around the world is caused directly or indirectly by extreme weather phenomena resulting from climate change. These weather phenomena include droughts, hurricanes and floods. In 2019, natural disasters forced around 24 million people to abandon their homes and settle in other less affected areas of their own countries. This type of migration is known as climate migration. (13) The World Bank warns that by 2050, in the regions of Southeast Asia , sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America , there will be a total of 140 million internal migrants due to the effects of climate change. E X P L O R E 13. Causes of climate migration 959143_02_p67_h03_migraciones_climaticas SOURCE: IDMC, 2020 Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons: 13.6 million Other causes: 0.1 million Fires: 1.2 million Floods: 14 million Define: migratory movement. List the main reasons why people emigrate and where they emigrate to. Explain the positive and negative consequences mass immigration could have in Spain. Classify. If you decided to study in Canada next year, would it be classified as migration? If so, what type of migration would it be? K E Y Q U E S T I O N S 39 LEARNING SITUATION. THE CHALLENGE 1 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 2 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 Think about a real or imaginary situation of daily life with the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS in mind, in order to begin the learning process. Contribute to the achievement of one or several of the targets by doing the challenge. Take the Challenge! Go further and investigate. EXPLORE cases, characters and other interesting aspects that will expand your knowledge of the world. To do this, look for reliable information, organise it carefully and draw your conclusions. WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT? Evaluate: think about what you have learnt and how you constructed your knowledge. Organise your ideas and apply your knowledge to different contexts and situations in the CHECK YOUR PROGRESS activities. Think, make connections and communicate critically by doing the ACTIVITIES throughout the book. Work like a specialist. With the help of the BE A GEOGRAPHER sections you can practice what you learn. Exercise your mind. Practise THINKING TECHNIQUES that will enhance your powers of reflection and thinking. Use the KEY QUESTIONS to review and ensure you have understood the content. Acquire essential knowledge from the clearly explained content and strong visual language: drawings, maps, timelines, etc. Why do conflicts happen? Sometimes conf licts occur within a state or between two or more states. Some begin as internal conf licts, but other states then support one of the sides. When this happens, they become international conf licts. (8) Conf licts have diverse causes: disputes over control of highly valued natural resources (oil , diamonds, water, etc.), territorial disputes, nationalist or ethnic confrontations, religious or cultural dif ferences, etc. Most conf licts are economic conf licts. States apply economic pressure when there is a conf lict of interests between two or more states. One state increases duties (taxes on products from other countries). Sometimes embargoes are also implemented: trade with a certain countr y is prohibited . Diplomatic conf licts are also common . These are caused by political issues or border disputes. Armed conf licts are the most serious, causing numerous casualties (people who are hurt or killed). Almost ever y countr y in the world is a member of the United Nations (UN). UN member states are obliged to resolve their disputes peacefully. They must also make their armies available to the UN Security Council to restore peace in war zones. However, these commitments are often not respected . 8. Continuing armed conflicts 3. Conflicts between states WORK WITH THE IMAGES Which regions of the world have the most conflicts? What does internal conflicts with foreign involvement mean? What percentage of the total number of conflicts are of this type? In which countries did armed conflicts cause the most deaths of people in 2020? DIGITAL TASK Find information about a real case of cyberterrorism and discuss it in class. Who can suffer from cyberterrorist attacks? Damascus Turkey and allied rebel groups Kurdish militias Jihadist rebel groups Syrian government Israeli government USA military base Russian military base Syrian rebel groups Who cont ro l s the t e r r i tor y? SOURCE: El País and Liveaumap, 2021. 959143_01_p035_guerra_siria BURUNDI (2015) CAMEROON Ambazonia/North West and South West (2018) LIBYA (2011) MALI (2012) MOZAMBIQUE north (2019) LAKE CHAD REGION Boko Haram (2011) CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (2006) DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO east (1998) east-ADF (2014) WESTERN SAHEL REGION (2018) SOMALIA (1988) SUDAN Darfur (2003) South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011) ETHIOPIA Tigray (2020) SOUTH SUDAN (2009) AFGHANISTAN (2001) INDIA CPI(M) (1967) Jammu and Kashmir (1989) PHILIPPINES NPA (1969) Mindanao (1991) MYANMAR (1948) PAKISTAN Baluchistan (2001, 2005) THAILAND south (2004) EGYPT Sinai (2014) IRAQ (2003) ISRAEL-PALESTINE (2000) SYRIA (2011) YEMEN Houthi (2004) AQAP (2011) TURKEY south east (1984) UKRAINE east (2014) COLOMBIA (1964) ARMENIA-AZERBAIJAN Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) SOURCE: Escuela de Cultura de Paz, Alerta 2021! 0 1,300 kilometres Scale 933943_01_p034_h1_principales con ictos Types of con ict 34 armed con icts Internal con icts with foreign involvement 82 % International 9 % Internal 9 % Countries with armed con icts in 2020 and year the con ict began Con icts with between 5,000 and 25,000 deaths Analyse a conflict: the war in Syria A civil war began in Syria in 1991. Over time, this has developed into an unresolved international conf lict. 9 B E A G E O G R A P H E R Find information about the conflict in order to: Understand when and where the conflict took place. Determine its causes and effects. Identify the opposing factions and the objectives of each one. If it is an international conflict, name the countries involved, which group or faction each one supports, and what led to their involvement. Assess its consequences. Has it led to a new political regime or territorial changes? What about the human and economic losses? How to do it Your turn Investigate the war in Syria and write a report. You can consult these sources: – The BBC report "Syria: Seven years of war explained". – The Global News video "Why the 10-year war in Syria hasn't ended". You can turn on the subtitles. Terrorism Terrorism is a type of conf lict in which armed groups use indiscriminate violence against the population and institutions to terrorise and control them. If this type of action is carried out by the government in order to stay in power, it is called state terrorism. Until 2001, terrorism was mainly an internal conf lict that occurred in a few states or regions. The Al-Qaeda attacks on 11th September 2001 marked the beginning of global terrorism, which has the following characteristics: An international structure. There are terrorist groups spread around the world who coordinate their actions. Transnational objectives. The terrorists tr y to create a block of countries under their ideological and political control . A strong religious component. Indiscriminate, violent actions in any location . 2014 was the year with the highest number of terrorism casualties this centur y. From 2014 to 2019, the number of deaths caused by terrorist attacks worldwide decreased each year. Casualties fell from 32,685 in 2014 to 13,826 in 2019. 41 % of these were in Afghanistan . (9) Today, terrorists also use cyberterrorism. Terrorist groups use computer networks to make threats, spread propaganda and recruit members. They also use computer viruses to damage important infrastructures and steal useful information in order to destabilise governments or carry out attacks. 959143_01_p035_h02_impacto_terrorismo SOURCE: IEP, Global Terrorism Index 2020. 0 20 , 000 40 , 000 60 , 000 80 , 000 100 , 000 Middle East and North Africa 96,360 37,553 South Asia 74,087 37,154 Sub-Saharan Africa 49,791 12,567 East Asia and Paci c 7,350 8,685 Russia and West Asia 3,812 2,522 Latin America and the Caribbean 2,162 2,594 USA and Canada 296 514 Europe 2,558 4,531 Deaths Number of attacks 2002-2019 List the main causes of conflicts between states. Explain what global terrorism is. How does it affect daily life? K E Y Q U E S T I O N S 9. The impact of terrorism 249 6
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