5 P R I M A R Y Social Science This book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Editorial department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Sheila Tourle ILLUSTRATOR Nature-Press Pedro Simón EDITORS Beatriz Bejarano Sara J. Checa Beatriz G. Hipólito Virginia R. Mitchell Patricia G. Rivera Ros Walford DIGITAL EDITORS Ismael Gómez Rocío Moreno EDITORIAL MANAGER María Antonia Oliva BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
World MakErs materials: Have an open mind. Ask questions and investigate. Be creative. Communicate. Be a critical thinker. Collaborate with others. Show solidarity. Be autonomous. I love learning! TEMPERATURE
Finally, at the end of each term, you will take the Challenge and work in teams to achieve the SUSTAINABLE DEVEL0PMENT G0ALS. Follow the LEARNING PATH to a better world! DISC0VER THE PR0BLEM described in the Learning situation. Observe the world around you and ask yourself lots of questions. What can you do t o make the world a better place? LEARN NEW THINGS to understand the world. Think critic ally, investigate and cooperate with others. S T E P 1 S T E P 2 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 CHECK Y0UR PR0GRESS What new things have you learnt? LEARN BY D0ING Develop your skills in the GEO lab and the HISTORY lab. Communicate in Language makers. Then Take action to change the world.
What are you going to LEARN? We take care of the environment 6 We promote democracy 48 We discover the Middle Ages 92 We fight against climate change 24 We respect everyone 66 We explore the Modern Age 112 Thousands of pilgrims walk the Camino de Santiago every year. How can we preserve this medieval heritage? A healthy democracy requires responsible and active citizens. How can we contribute to improving our community? Elderly people make a huge contribution to our diverse society. How can we make elderly people feel appreciated? The Modern Age was a period of exploration. Cultures divided by oceans began interacting. What can we learn from other cultures? CHALLENGE: ACH I EVE GENDER EQUAL I TY CHALLENGE: PROMOTE RENEWABL E ENERGY Do a survey about family jobs Design a poster about saving energy – The relief of mainland Spain – Spain’s archipelagos – Spain’s coasts – Spain’s rivers – Protected areas of Spain – Democracy – Rights and responsibilities – Institutions of Spain – Territorial organisation – International organisations – The beginning of the Middle Ages – Al-Andalus and the Christian Kingdoms – Life in Al-Andalus – Life in the Christian Kingdoms – The legacy of the Middle Ages – The Age of Exploration – Political and social changes – The Spanish Empire – The conquest of America – The 18th century: a new dynasty – The legacy of the Modern Age – Factors affecting climate – Subtropical climate – Climates of Spain – Oceanic climate – Mediterranean climate – Mountain climate – Population of Spain – Migration – The distribution of the population – Economic sectors 1 3 5 2 4 6 Create a leaflet about sustainable fishing CHALLENGE: PROTECT SEA L I F E REV I EW 1 AND 2 REV I EW 3 AND 4 REV I EW 5 AND 6 HoW To. . . – Read a map – Participate in a debate – Write a report Essential knowledge Water is essential for life on Earth. A wide variety of species depend on it. How can we protect rivers and oceans? Learning situation Some human actions are altering the climate. How can we fight against climate change? KEY VOCABULARY D R A F T * *Definitive table of contents available at edupack.es
Geography workshop Interpret a long profile of a river Design workshop Make a model of a river in Spain Design workshop Make a poster about an autonomous community Thinking routines Compare democracy and dictatorship History workshop Organise a Viking exhibition Design workshop Create new uses for a historic building Design workshop Draw a diagram about climate change Thinking routines Think about the impacts of climate change Geography workshop Interpret a population pyramid Thinking routines Think about the impacts of tourism History workshop Interpret a Baroque painting Design workshop Recreate a 17th-century market Cleaner land and water The Rights of the Child A European cultural route An inspiring girl Great achievements at a great age The treatment of indigenous people Organise a playground cleanup Promote active citizenship Discover the Camino de Santiago Reduce your carbon footprint Connect generations Learn from cultural exchanges GEO / HISTORY lab Language makers Take action What are you going to DO? D R A F T *
What landforms can you name? Name two Spanish archipelagos. Think of another question to ask the class. QUICK QUIZ! 1 We take care of the environment Spain has a great diversity of landscapes. There are high mountain ranges and deep river valleys. There are sandy beaches and rocky cliffs. Water is an important feature in all these landscapes. It is essential for life and a wide variety of species depend on it. How can we protect rivers and oceans? 6 · s i x LEARNING SITUATION Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido is in the Pirineos.
MY STUDY PLAN Learn The relief of mainland Spain Spain’s archipelagos Spain’s coasts Spain’s rivers Protected areas of Spain Do GEO lab Interpret a long profile of a river Make a model of a river in Spain Language makers Cleaner land and water Take action Organise a playground cleanup Check your progress s e v e n · 7 W0RK WITH THE PH0T0 What landforms are there? What body of water can you see? I can see…
What are the landforms in mainland Spain? Most of Spain's main landforms are arranged around the Meseta Central. This is a vast, high plateau in the centre of the Península Ibérica. word bank depression mountain range peak plateau Relief map of Spain 1 ●○○ look at the relief map and the key. Which are the highest peaks in each mountain range? Which is the highest peak in mainland Spain? 2 ●●○ STUDY the map. Which is the nearest mountain range to your area? Is it in the Meseta, surrounding the Meseta or beyond it? 3 ●●● DISCUSS. Is Spain a mountainous country? 8 · e i g h t
1 Mountain ranges in the Meseta Sistema Central. This mountain range divides the Meseta into the Submeseta Norte and the Submeseta Sur. Montes de Toledo Mountain ranges beyond the Meseta Macizo Galaico Montes Vascos Pirineos Sistema Costero-Catalán Sistemas Béticos Mountain ranges surrounding the Meseta Montes de León Cordillera Cantábrica Sistema Ibérico Sierra Morena Depressions Depresión del Ebro Depresión del Guadalquivir Montes de Toledo Pirineos Cordillera Cantábrica Depresión del Ebro 4 ●○○ classify the mountain ranges of mainland Spain in a table like this one. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! A relief map uses different colours to show the altitude of the land above sea level. L00K at the relief map and key. What is the average altitude of the Meseta? Where are the main lowland areas? MOUNTAIN RANGES In the Meseta Surrounding the Meseta Beyond the Meseta ... ... ... n i n e · 9
What is the relief of Spain's archipelagos like? There are two main archipelagos in Spain: the Islas Canarias and the Islas Baleares. Islas Canarias The Islas Canarias are located in the Atlantic Ocean. There are eight main islands: La Graciosa, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma. They are of volcanic origin. Lanzarote and Fuerteventura are flatter. The other islands are higher and steeper. Teide is a volcano in Tenerife. It is the highest mountain in Spain. word bank archipelago volcano Teide, Tenerife Relief map of the Islas Canarias 5 ●○○ L00K at the relief map of the Islas Canarias. Which is the smallest of the main islands? Which is the highest peak? 6 ●●● LISTEN and answer in your notebook. Why are Lanzarote and Fuerteventura flatter than the other islands? 10 · t e n
1 Islas Baleares The Islas Baleares are located in the Mediterranean Sea. There are five islands: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera. Mallorca is the largest island. Its relief is varied. Its main landforms are the Sierra de Tramuntana and the Pla, a plain in the centre of the island. The other islands are flatter. Sierra de Tramuntana, Mallorca Relief map of the Islas Baleares 7 ●○○ summarise the information about Spain's archipelagos in two fact files. Location: ... Islands: ... Relief: ... Main landforms: ... ISLAS CANARIAS C0MPARE the relief maps and keys. Which are the the highest peaks in each archipelago? Which archipelago is higher? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! Location: ... Islands: ... Relief: ... Main landforms: ... ISLAS BALEARES e l e v e n · 11
What are Spain's coasts like? Spain has an extensive and varied coastline. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Cantabrian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. word bank cape cliff coast cove gulf inlet marsh A coastal map uses different colours to show the different coasts. The main coastal features are labelled. For example, gulfs, capes, marshes and lagoons. L00K at the map and key. Copy and complete the concept map with the main coastal features. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! A coastal map of Spain COASTAL FEATURES Atlantic coast ... Mediterranean coast Ría de Arousa ... Cabo de Ajo ... Golfo de Roses ... 12 · t w e l v e
1 THE CANTABRIAN COAST The Cantabrian coast is generally rocky with high cliffs and small inlets. Playa del Silencio, Asturias The relief of the Atlantic coast of Spain is quite varied. The coast of Galicia is irregular with many long inlets called rias. The Atlantic coast of Andalucía is low and sandy. There are marshes near the coast. The coast of Canarias is high and rocky in the islands to the west, and much lower in the islands to the east. ATLANTIC COAST Ría de Cedeira, A Coruña Acantilados de Los Gigantes, Tenerife Playa de Matalascañas, Huelva The relief of the Mediterranean coast of Spain is quite varied. The coasts of Cataluña and Illes Balears have high, rocky areas and low, sandy areas, with small coves. The coasts of the Comunitat Valenciana and the Región de Murcia have wide beaches. The Mediterranean coast of Andalucía has beaches and cliffs. THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST The coast of Ceuta is low. The coast of Melilla is high and rocky. Playa del Chorrillo, Ceuta Acantilados de Aguadú, Melilla Cala Llombards, Mallorca Altea, Alicante Playa de Mónsul, Almería t h i r t e e n · 13
What are Spain's rivers like? Rivers in Spain have different characteristics. Some are very long. Others are short. Some have an abundant flow all year round. Others have a very low flow in summer. In the archipelagos there are gullies and torrents that only have water when it rains. What affects Spain's rivers? Rivers in Spain have different characteristics because of the different types of climate and relief. Map of the rivers in Spain TH I N K AB0UT IT ! In the Islas Canarias and the Islas Baleares there are no true rivers. Why do you think this is? RELIEF Rivers that start in mountains near the sea are short. Rivers that start a long way from the sea are long. CLIMATE Rivers that flow through areas with high precipitation have an abundant flow. Rivers that flow through dry areas have a low flow and can become dry during the summer. 14 · f o u r t e e n
1 CANTABRIAN BASIN ATLANTIC BASIN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN The Ebro is a long river with an abundant flow. Other rivers are short with a low flow. These rivers are almost dry during the summer. The rivers are short because they start near the coast. They have an abundant flow because it rains frequently all year round. Spain's rivers The rivers in Spain flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Cantabrian Sea. This is why there there are three basins in Spain. A basin is an area of land where all the rivers flow into the same sea or ocean. 8 ●○○ look at the map. What are the main rivers in each basin? Copy and complete the table. word bank basin flow gully torrent The rivers in Galicia are short with an abundant flow. Other rivers are long. These rivers have a lower flow in summer. Júcar Tajo Narcea f i f t e e n · 15 EXPLAIN Why are the rivers that flow into the Cantabrian Sea short? Why do rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea have less water in summer? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean Cantabrian Sea ... ... ...
How can we protect landscapes? Human activities can damage landscapes. For this reason, the authorities take steps to protect some areas. They create protected areas of high ecological value. They recover damaged areas by removing waste and planting trees and removing pollutants from the water. They prevent harmful activities by carrying out studies of their impact on the environment. Protected areas of Spain In Spain there are different protected areas: national parks, natural parks, nature reserves, natural monuments and marine protected areas. A national park has the highest level of protection. There are currently 16 national parks in Spain. They represent the variety of Spain's landscapes: mountains, wetlands, Mediterranean forests, the landscapes of the Islas Canarias and marine areas. L00K at the map. Is there a national park in your area? word bank national park protected area wetland 9 ●●○ write. How do the authorities protect some areas? 10 ●●○ listen. Write in your notebook a national park for each type of landscape. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid Map of the national parks in Spain 16 · s i x t e e n
1 Why are wetlands important? Wetlands are flat areas of land that are covered by salt water or fresh water, permanently or temporarily. Wetlands include lagoons, deltas, marshes and lakes. 1 1 ●●○ explain what a wetland is and give an example. 12 ●●● investigate a Spanish wetland. Where is it? Why is it important? Is the wetland threatened? Why? How is this wetland protected? Tablas de Daimiel, Ciudad Real Delta del Ebro, Tarragona Flamingos in Doñana, Huelva IMPORTANCE Wetlands are home to a great variety of animals and plants. They are stopover points for European birds migrating to Africa. They help to combat climate change by capturing carbon and reducing atmospheric greenhouse gases. PROTECTION There are restrictions on activities and developments that might affect wetland areas. For example, water extraction, hunting or fishing. Some wetlands are protected areas, such as the Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel. SITUATION More than half of these wetlands have disappeared or suffer from: overexploitation of their groundwater water pollution caused by fertilisers and pesticides the expansion of human settlements s e v e n t e e n · 17
I NT E RPR E T A L ONG PRO F I L E O F A R I V E R GE0 LAB GEOGRAPHY W0RKSH0P L00K at and analyse the long profile of the Duero. 18 · e i g h t e e n In which province is the source of the Duero? Where does it meet the sea? Which ocean or sea does it flow into? How long is the river? In which direction does it flow? What towns and cities are located along the river? Which countries are they in? What are the highest and lowest points of the Duero in metres? interpret the long profile of the Ebro. Share the information in your group. compare the Duero and the Ebro rivers. How are they similar? How are they different? I t reaches the sea at... The Ebro starts in… A long profile of a river shows how the gradient of a river changes from its source to its mouth. The red dots indicate cities and towns along the river. The vertical axis shows the altitude of the land in metres. The horizontal axis shows the length of the river in kilometres. The blue line represents the course of the river.
MAK E A MOD E L O F A R I V E R I N S PA I N GE0 LAB DESIGN W0RKSH0P choose a river in Spain to make a model of. investigate. Find information about the river. Make a fact file like this one: sketch the course of the river. discuss the type of model you will make. DECIDE which group member will do each task. share your finished model with the class. Display it next to its fact file. n i n e t e e n · 19 We can use modelling clay for the river. We can use blue wool for the tributaries. Basin: ... Source: ... Mouth: ... Length in kilometres: ... Tributaries: ... Landforms along the river: ... Main towns and cities along the river: ... Protected areas along the river: ... RIVER: ... A photo of the river RIVER LOWER COURSE towns UPPER COURSE source national parks MIDDLE COURSE mouth tributaries EBRO TAJO GUADIANA DUERO GUADALQUIVIR 1
Let’s read! read this information about the River Cleanup organisation. River Cleanup Every year, 11,000 million kilograms of plastic pollution ends up in the ocean. Around 80 % of this pollution flows into the oceans via rivers. Our goal is to remove the plastic before it ever arrives. The presence of plastic in the environment can have serious consequences for ecosystems. Wildlife can become entangled in the larger pieces. Smaller pieces are eaten by birds and aquatic animals like dolphins, turtles and fish. Rivers are the blue arteries of Earth. However, many of the world’s rivers and streams are severely affected by pollution, with plastics being one of the major problems. Our organisation has a global network of volunteers with "blue hearts" who organise or participate in cleanups. We believe cleanups are a great way to connect with nature and gain first-hand experience with the plastic pollution problem. It does not matter where you live: walk around for a few minutes – you are sure to find plastic waste in your environment. Source: www.river-cleanup.org answer these questions in your notebook. What is the problem? What is the mission of the organisation? What do the volunteers organise? Let’s speak! make a list of the litter that you find on the streets. discuss. Which type of litter is most common? Do you pick up other people’s litter? LANGUAGE MAKERS C L E A N E R L A N D A N D WAT E R There is loads of paper. There are many bottle caps. 20 · t w e n t y
ORGANISE A PLAYGROUND CLEANUP TAKE ACTI0N DECIDE a date and time for your playground cleanup. Ask for adult supervision during the cleanup. design a poster to attract more volunteers at school. Include: date time location a catchy slogan stock up on supplies. Include: gloves rubbish bags collect the waste and dispose of it properly. Make sure all the waste collected goes to the correct recycling centre. CLEANUP DAY COME AND JOIN US! Monday, 15th October 11 am in the playground Volunteers are needed to collect plastic waste. Be part of the solution! Rainwater and wind carries plastic waste on land into rivers. The plastic ends up in the oceans. Picking up litter is one of the most direct and rewarding ways to fight ocean plastic pollution. t w e n t y - o n e · 21 1
C H E C K YO U R P R O G R E S S 22 · t w e n t y - t w o • The main relief features of the Península Ibérica are arranged around a central plateau called the … .There are mountain ranges in, surroundin g and … the Meseta Central. There are two main depressions: the … and the … . • Spain has two main archipelagos: the Islas … and … . • The Atlantic Ocean, the Cantabrian Sea and the … surround the coasts of Spain. • Rivers in Spain have different characteristics because of the varied … and relief. depressions Summary 1 ●○○ LISTEN and COMPLETE the summary in your notebook. Organise the information 2 ●○○ C0PY and C0MPLETE the concept map about the relief of Spain. MESETA CENTRAL mountain ranges in mountain ranges beyond mountain ranges surrounding … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4 ●●○ write definitions for these words in your notebook. basin national park wetland Meseta Central Apply 3 ●●○ copy and complete the map in your notebook. Colour the relief according to the key. Write the landform that corresponds to each number. Write these coastal landforms on your map: Cabo Fisterra, Golfo de Vizcaya, Golfo de Valencia, Punta de Tarifa. 6 ●●○ complete this table in your notebook. Rivers that flow into Characteristics Cantabrian Sea ... Atlantic Ocean ... Mediterranean Sea ... 7 ●●● compare the relief of the Islas Baleares and the Islas Canarias. How are they different? t w e n t y - t h r e e · 23 My progress 8 copy and complete in your notebook. I have learnt that… I want to learn more about… I protect rivers and oceans by… My portfolio WRITE a short message to encourage your friends to pick up litter. CREATE a quiz with five questions about the relief of Spain. INVESTIGATE and prepare a presentation about the main landforms and rivers in your area. CH00SE one task. Save it in your portfolio. 5 ●●○ copy and complete the map in your notebook. Write the names of the major rivers. Colour the land according to the sea or ocean that the rivers flow into. 1
Starting point oRGANISE a class debate. Why are oceans essential to life? Are there enough fish to feed the world's population? What happens when a marine species disappears? Oceans are essential because they produce oxygen. When a species disappears, it affects other species that depend on it. Fish are a source of healthy proteins. Fishing provides food and jobs for millions of people around the world. However, fishing also threatens sea life. If we continue to catch so many fish, many species will disappear. CHALLENGE Create a leaflet about sustainable fishing CHALLENGE P R O T E C T S E A L I F E 44 · f o r t y - f o u r
LooK at the illustrations and copy and complete the table of different methods of fishing. Analyse the problem FIND out and explain what each of these words means. SUSTAINABLE FISHING FISHING OVERFISHING DESTRUCTIVE FISHING AQUACULTURE SUSTAINABLE FISHING BY-CATCH sf A B Size and number of boats ... ... Size and number of nets ... ... Size and number of caught fish ... ... Number of jellyfish ... ... MATCH the illustration A or B to each description. It shows small fish that will grow to be adults. The fish species is more likely to disappear. It represents sustainable fishing. It represents destructive fishing. LooK at this food chain and complete in your notebook. If there is no zooplankton in the oceans ... If the number of sardines decreases ... If tuna disappear ... A B algae zooplankton amberjack crustacean sardine mackerel tuna Crustaceans will disappear. f o r t y - f i v e · 45
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