138 I Appendix Glossary A cappella: When music is performed only by voices, with no instrumental accompaniment. Accidental signs (flat, sharp and natural): Symbols that show that the pitch of a note is a semitone higher or lower. They can be in the key signature and affect all the notes with the same name in the score; or they can appear to the left of the note, affecting all the notes of that pitch in that bar. Aerophone: Type of musical instrument that belongs to the wind family. Anacrusis: Note or series of notes that come before the first downbeat in a piece of music or a musical phrase. Articulation: Producing sound correctly. Bar: Unit of measurement consisting of multiple beats. A score is divided into bars and we separate them from each other with bar lines. Beat: Equal parts in which musical time is divided. Breath mark: Symbol that indicates when to take a breath when singing or playing wind instruments. Body percussion: Sounds made with our own bodies, like clapping, clicking fingers, patting legs, etc. Call and response: Musical pattern that includes an antecedent phrase (call) and a consequent phrase (response). Canon: Type of musical composition in which different parts perform the same melody, but start at different times, with one or more bars between them. Choir: Type of vocal ensemble. It can be a chamber choir (with only 10 to 20 voices) or a chorus (a large vocal ensemble with 20 to 100 voices); or female, male or children's choir (depending on the types of voices), or mixed voices. Chord: set of three or more notes that work as a unit. Chordophone: Type of musical instrument that belongs to the string family. Clef: Symbol at the beginning of the stave that determines the pitch of the notes on each line and space. The most common clefs are the treble clef, the bass clef and the neutral clef. Cover: Version of a piece of music, common in popular music. In jazz music, whenever a piece has many versions, it's known as a standard. Da Capo (D. C.): Marking that indicates that we should repeat the score from the start. Da Capo al Fine (D. C. al Fine): Marking that indicates that we should repeat the score from the start until the word Fine. Decibel (dB): Unit for measuring the size of a sound wave that helps us to know the intensity of a sound, or how loud it is. Dot: Sound-lengthening sign that lengthens the value of a note or rest by half its original value. We write the dot to the right of notes or rests. Downbeat: First beat of each bar that is always louder than the others. Duet: Chamber ensemble made up of two musicians. Duration: Property of sound that determines if a sound is long or short. We show it with note values and rests. Echo: Musical pattern that involves repeating one or more musical phrases that are exactly the same, one after the other. Electrophone: Type of musical instrument that produces or amplifies its sound with the help of electricity. Ethnomusicology: The study of traditional music in different cultures. Falsetto: Vocal technique that allows us to sing the high notes that our voices don't make naturally. Fermata sign: Symbol that lengthens the duration of a note value as the performer or conductor wishes. It makes a pause in the beat of the music. Final double bar line: It shows the end of a score. Flat: Type of accidental sign that shows that the pitch of a note is a semitone lower. Graphic score: Way of representing music graphically, without conventional musical notation. Hearing organs: Set of organs that take a part in the perception of sound. These organs are the ears, ear canal, eardrum, cochlea and the auditory nerve. & www q. q b q
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