139 Hertz (Hz): Unit for measuring the frequency of a sound wave that helps us to know its pitch. Idiophone: Type of musical instrument of the percussion family, that makes a sound when its whole body vibrates. Intensity: Property of sound that shows if a sound is loud or quiet. In music, we use Italian words called dynamic indicators to express it: piani ssimo very quietly piano quietly mezzopiano moderately quietly mezzoforte moderately loudly forte loudly forti ssimo very loudly On scores, gradual changes of dynamics are shown with hairpins: Interval: Distance between two notes. We measure it in tones and half tones, which we call semitones. Key signature: Set of accidental symbols that appear at the start of the stave, after the clef, and modify the pitch of certain notes throughout the piece of music. Leger line: Extra line used to write the notes that are too high or too low for the stave. Melody: Series of sounds of different pitches with a particular rhythm that express a musical idea. Membranophone: Percussion instrument that makes a sound when its membrane vibrates. Metre: Way in which we group beats together, the first beat being the strongest. It can be duple, triple or quadruple. We show it at the start of the score, after the clef, as a fraction: the denominator indicates the type of note value, and the numerator the number of these note values that fill one of its bars. Metronome: Mechanical or digital device that indicates the tempo of music. It allows us to maintain a constant tempo when we perform. Movement: Part of a long piece of music, that usually takes its name from the tempo in which it is performed. Musical notation: System created in the Middle Ages to represent musical sounds on a score with conventional musical symbols. Musical phrase: Smaller part of a melody that makes sense musically. An antecedent musical phrase suggests that the melody will continue and a consequent musical phrase has a conclusive feel that closes the melody. Natural: Accidental sign that cancels the effect of a sharp or a flat. Natural note: Note that is not modified by an accidental sign (sharp or flat). Noise: Irregular and disorganised sound waves that we generally perceive as unpleasant and annoying. Noise pollution: Excess of noise and sound around us that is bad for our health. Note value: Symbol that shows the duration of sounds in music. semibreve w h q e x 4 crotchets 2 crotchets 1 crotchet 1/2 a crotchet 1/4 of a crotchet minim crotchet quaver semiquaver Octave: Interval that includes eight notes, for example from middle Do or C to high Do or C. Off-beat note: Note that falls on a weak part of the beat, or subdivision of a beat, immediately after a rest of equal value where a strong beat would normally be. It changes the feeling of a regular rhythm. One-line stave: Stave with just one line used to write rhythms. Orchestra: Instrumental ensemble that contains the three instrument families and a conductor. The largest is called a symphony orchestra ( between 80 and 100 musicians). The chamber orchestra ( between 20 and 25 musicians) mainly consists of string § q crescendo diminuendo & #
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