This book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Editorial department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Sheila Tourle ILLUSTRATORS Ángel Svoboda Nature-Press EDITORS Beatriz Bejarano, Sara J. Checa, Beatriz G. Hipólito, Virginia R. Mitchell, Patricia G. Rivera, Heather Sutton, Ros Walford, David Wile DIGITAL EDITORS Ismael Gómez, Rocío Moreno EDITORIAL MANAGERS Nuria Corredera, María Antonia Oliva BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook. 5 P R I M A R Y Natural Science
World MakErs materials: I love learning! Have an open mind. Ask questions and investigate. Be creative. Communicate. Be a critical thinker. Collaborate with others. Show solidarity. Be autonomous. muscle tissue epithelial tissue cartilage tissue
Finally, at the end of each term, you will take the Challenge and work in teams to achieve the SUSTAINABLE DEVELoPMENT GoALS. Follow the LEARNING PATH to a better world! DISCoVER THE PRoBLEM described in the Learning situation. Observe the world around you and ask yourself lots of questions. What can you do t o make the world a better place? LEARN NEW THINGS to understand the world. Think critic ally, investigate and cooperate with others. S T E P 1 S T E P 2 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 CHECK YoUR PRoGRESS What new things have you learnt? LEARN BY DoING Develop your skills in STEAM lab. Communicate in Language makers. Then Take action to change the world.
KEY VOCABULARY What are you going to LEARN? We keep healthy 64 Our body works properly when we keep healthy. How can we look after our health and the health of other people? – Health – Diseases – Medical advances – Keeping healthy – Accident prevention 4 We share reliable information 106 We use computers to find information. How can we find reliable information on the internet? – Software – Storing information – Online platforms – Digital entertainment – Digital threats 6 REV I EW 1 AND 2 REV I EW 3 AND 4 REV I EW 5 AND 6 Essential knowledge Learning situation We look after living things 6 – Life processes – Cells – Levels of organisation – The five kingdoms 1 The variety of living things on Earth is called biodiversity. What can we do to preserve biodiversity? We take care of our senses 24 – Sensitivity – The nervous system – Sight and hearing – Touch, smell and taste – A healthy nervous system 2 We detect and respond to changes in our environment with our senses. How can we help people with disabilities? We care about matter 88 Means of transport that use fossil fuels pollute our land, air and seas. How can we use transport responsibly? – Matter: mass and volume – Density – Air – Types of aircraft – Friction 5 We protect our bones and muscles 48 Our bones and muscles allow us to move and protect our organs. How can we get our bones and muscles into shape? – The skeletal system – The muscular system – Skeletal and muscular system functions – Healthy skeletal and muscular systems 3 Digital project Climates in Spain Make a presentation about ways to save life in the oceans CHALLENGE: PROTECT SEA L I F E CHALLENGE: PROMOTE RENEWABL E ENERGY Record a podcast about renewable energy sources CHALLENGE: ACH I EVE GENDER EQUAL I TY Create a poster about female scientists HoW To. . . – Find reliable information – Make a mind map
Science workshop Learn first aid Safe water Promote mental health Tech workshop Do a multimedia presentation Search the internet Screen time tips Spot the fake news! STEAM lab Language makers Take action What are you going to DO? Amazing nature Preserve biodiversity Science workshop Cultivate and study mould Tech workshop Make models of cells Science workshop Test your eyesight Tech workshop Make a Braille alphabet Can you lip-read? Help people with disabilities Science workshop Measure the air capacity of your lungs Tech workshop Build a model of a submarine Algae power Stop pollution! Science workshop Analyse an X-ray image Tech workshop Make a stretching exercise chart Strong bones and muscles Get into shape
We look after living things To date, around two million species have been identified. These include plants, animals, fungi, and other living things that are invisible to the naked eye. However, scientists are discovering new species every day. Some experts believe that we only know 10 % of the species that inhabit our seas and oceans. The variety of living things on Earth is called biodiversity. What can we do to preserve biodiversity? 1 LEARNING SITUATION What is the difference between living and non-living things? Name two different groups of invertebrates. Think of another question to ask the class. QUICK QUIZ! 6 · s i x
MY STUDY PLAN Learn Life processes Cells Levels of organisation The five kingdoms Do STEAM lab Cultivate and study mould Make models of cells Language makers Amazing nature Take action Preserve biodiversity Check your progress The orangutan is a vertebrate. WoRK WITH THE PHoToS Name as many living things as possible in the photos. Can you classify some of them into groups? s e v e n · 7
Animals feed on other living things. Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores eat both plants and other animals. Plants make their own food from water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide. They use energy from sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. What are the life processes? All living things carry out three life processes: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. Nutrition Nutrition is the process through which living things get raw materials and energy from food. Living things need raw materials to grow and repair their bodies. Living things need energy to carry out activities such as movement and reproduction. INVESTIGATE Find examples of a herbivore, a carnivore and an omnivore. Draw them in your notebook. Write down their names and the foods they eat. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! Bear Omnivore Food: plants, fish and meat word bank NUTRITION carnivore herbivore omnivore SENSITIVITY movement sense organ REPRODUCTION oviparous viviparous 8 · e i g h t
1 Sensitivity Sensitivity is the process through which living things detect and respond to changes in their environment. Animals detect information from their environment through their sense organs. They respond with movement, so they can get food or get away from a possible threat. Plants do not have sense organs and they cannot move about. However, they detect and respond to changes too. For instance, trees lose their leaves in autumn. 1 ●○○ CoMPARE the nutrition process in animals and plants. Animals feed on… Plants make their own… 2 ●●○ LISTEN. How does a Venus flytrap respond when a fly lands on the plant? Reproduction Reproduction is the process through which all living things produce offspring. Sexual reproduction involves two parents. Animals can be viviparous (they give birth to live young) or oviparous (they lay eggs). Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. It is more common in plants. INVESTIGATE How do strawberry plants reproduce? Is this sexual or asexual reproduction? Explain. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! n i n e · 9
What are living things made up of ? All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic units of life. Cells are so tiny that we can only see them through a microscope. Living things can be multicellular or unicellular. Cells All cells carry out the three life processes: Nutrition. Cells obtain substances to grow and to get energy. Sensitivity. Cells detect and respond to information from the environment. Reproduction. Cells divide and make new cells. plant cells bacteria TH I N K AB0UT IT ! An elephant is much bigger than a mouse. Why do you think this is? Is it because the elephant has more cells than the mouse or because the elephant's cells are larger than the mouse's? animal cells UNICELLULAR Unicellular living things are made up of just one cell. Bacteria are unicellular. They are only visible through a microscope. MULTICELLULAR Multicellular living things are made up of more than one cell. Plants and animals are multicellular. word bank cell multicellular unicellular 10 · t e n
1 The parts of a cell Cells have these parts in common: nucleus cytoplasm organelles cell membrane 3 ●○○ CoMPARE multicellular and unicellular living things. 4 ●●○ WRITE a sentence to explain what a cell is. 5 ●●○ DRAW an animal cell in your notebook. Label its parts. 6 ●●● DESCRIBE a part of a cell. Your partner guesses it. You can use the illustration to help you. The nucleus controls what happens in the cell. The cell membrane is a thin and permeable layer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside. The organelles are situated in the cytoplasm. There are different types of organelles, which carry out a variety of different functions. The cytoplasm is the liquid that makes up most of the cell. It is mainly water. The parts of an animal cell B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! oBSERVE Which life process is this cell carrying out? Explain. word bank cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus organelle e l e v e n · 11
What types of cells are there? Bone cells are irregular in shape. Blood cells are flat discs. Muscle cells are very long. Brain cells are large and have many spider-like arms. Liver cells are quite large and hexagonal in shape. Intestinal cells are shaped like a brush. Cells are very small and they have different shapes and sizes. Animal cells Animals have many different types of cells. Each type of cell carries out a specialised function in the body. Animal cells can be disc shaped, star shaped, round, rectangular or irregularly shaped. The smallest cells are the cells of bacteria, which measure around 0.001 mm. This algae called Acetabularia is formed by a single cell that measures about 1 cm. 12 · t w e l v e
1 Plant cells Plant cells are different from animal cells. Plant cells are usually bigger than animal cells and they have a regular shape. They have a rigid cell wall around the membrane to strengthen the shape and structure of the plant. Plant cells also have special organelles called chloroplasts. They contain a green substance called chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. oBSERVE Look at the photos of cells seen through a microscope. Which ones are plant cells and which ones are animal cells? How can you tell? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! A B TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Why are plants green? 7 ●○○ CoMPARE animal and plant cells. Copy and complete the diagram. Use these words: organelles cytoplasm chloroplasts nucleus cell membrane cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm cell wall organelle chloroplast nucleus The parts of a plant cell … … animal cell plant cell both word bank animal cell plant cell ... t h i r t e e n · 13
muscle cell A cell is a specialised unit with a unique structure. A tissue is a group of similar cells with the same function. An organ is a group of various tissues that work together to perform a common function. A system is made up of several organs that work together to perform a common function. An organism is the complete living thing, made up of all the systems. What are levels of organisation? Multicellular living things are made up of different types of cells. These cells carry out specialised functions. They work together at different levels, called levels of organisation. A cell in this system is… The muscular system includes all the muscles of the organism. muscle tissue A muscle is an organ. It is made up of different tissues, such as muscle tissue and tissues that surround the muscle. 8 ●●○ EXPLAIN the levels of organisation in a system of the human body. Follow the muscular system example. LEVELS OF ORGANISATION organism word bank cell organ organism system tissue 14 · f o u r t e e n
1 INVESTIGATE AND DISCUSS Scientists are able to cultivate human skin tissue in laboratories. The new skin helps patients with severe burns. What conditions do you think are required to cultivate skin in a laboratory? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! How are plants organised? Like animals, plants are also multicellular living things that have different levels of organisation. The shoot system of a plant (the part above ground) includes organs, such as leaves. Leaves have a variety of tissues, such as the dermal tissue that covers each leaf. The tissues perform different functions. 9 ●●○ LooK at the photos. Which level of organisation does each one represent? 10 ●●○ LooK at the pictures below. Which level of organisation does each one represent? Label each part in your notebook. cell tissue organ system organism A B A … B … C … … D f i f t e e n · 15
How are living things classified? Animals Animals are multicellular. They take in food. Most animals can move about. Fungi Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular. They take in food. They cannot move about. Plants Plants are multicellular. They make their own food. They cannot move about. vertebrates invertebrates seedless plants seed plants Scientists classify all living things into five groups called kingdoms. Living things in the same kingdom share certain characteristics. mould mushrooms yeast word bank animals bacteria fungi plants protoctists 16 · s i x t e e n
1 Protozoa: They are unicellular. They are aquatic. They take in food. Algae: They can be multicellular or unicellular. They are aquatic. They make their own food. Protoctists Protoctists include protozoa and algae. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular. They are the smallest and simplest of all living things. Most bacteria take in food. 1 1 ●○○ NAME the kingdom these living things belong to. They are multicellular. They take in food and can move about. They are multicellular. They take in food, but cannot move about. They are unicellular and aquatic. They take in food. They are unicellular. They have a small and very simple cell. CoMPARE Why do you think fewer species of bacteria are known than the other groups of living things? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! protozoa algae TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Scientists study living things. Why is it important to study the living things that we find in our daily lives? Approximate number of known species of living things 1,600,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1,430,000 310,000 97,000 67,000 11,000 bacteria 1,400,000 animals plants fungi protoctists s e v e n t e e n · 17
C U LT I VAT E A N D S T U DY M O U L D STEAM LAB SCIENCE W0RKSH0P Day 1 - Photo Day 2 - Photo Day 3 - Photo 18 · e i g h t e e n Mycelium. It is made up of thin, light-coloured threads called hyphae. Sporangia. These are the dark-coloured spheres where the reproductive spores are formed. DRAW the things you observed through the microscope. WRITE about your experiment and DESCRIBE it to your classmates. Use your photos and drawings as visual aids. Grow bread mould STUDY the mould under a magnifying glass or microscope. Remove the bread from the container. Although the mould on it is not dangerous, you should put on a pair of gloves and a face mask before you touch it. Identify the sporangia and the mycelium. RECoRD new observations. Every day, make notes and take photos without opening the container. FoLLoW these steps: Put a few drops of water on a slice of bread to make it damp. Place the bread in a transparent container. Leave it for a day in a warm place near a window. After a day, seal the container, making sure the bread is still damp. Wait for the mould to grow. DISCUSS. Have you ever seen blue spots growing on bread? Where else can you see mould growing? Observe mould growing Share your results
n i n e t e e n · 19 M A K E M O D E L S O F C E L L S STEAM LAB TECH W0RKSH0P DISCUSS. Animal cells and plant cells have some elements in common, but are not exactly alike. How are they different? How are they the same? MAKE a model of an animal cell. Fill the ziplock bag with the jelly. This will represent the cytoplasm. Add the grape to represent the nucleus. Add the dried fruits or sweets to represent the organelles. Close the bag. MAKE a model of a plant cell. Line the container with the cling film. The container is the cell wall. The cling film is the cell membrane. Add the grape. This represents the nucleus. Add the peas. These represent the chloroplasts. Finally, fill the container with water to represent the cytoplasm. DESCRIBE your models to your classmates. Explain the main parts of each type of cell. You need cling film a transparent container a glass of water a grape some frozen peas You need a ziplock bag some ready-to-eat yellow or orange jelly a grape assorted dried fruits or sweets plant cells animal cells A model of an animal cell A model of a plant cell This is the cytoplasm. 1
LANGUAGE MAKERS A M A Z I N G N AT U R E 20 · t w e n t y Let's read! oBSERVE. Look at the photo. What can you see? Is it a plant or algae? A garden in the sea Neptune grass ( Posidonia oceanica ) grows underwater in the Mediterranean Sea in large "meadows". It requires shallow waters where sunlight can reach the plants in order to carry out photosynthesis. Neptune grass is a plant and, unlike algae, it has roots, leaves and stems. It also produces flowers and fruits. More than 350 marine species live in Neptune grass meadows, where they find food and shelter. The plant is a large producer of oxygen. This keeps the seawater clear and healthy. Neptune grass is called the "lungs of the Mediterranean". Unfortunately, Neptune grass is dying in large quantities. Human activities like sailing and tourism destroy the meadows. Water pollution diminishes the number of healthy plants. Rising sea temperatures also affect the plants. Experts call for the protection of this valuable underwater plant. Let 's save the Neptune grass! READ about Neptune grass. Let's speak! EXPLAIN in your own words why Neptune grass is endangered. DISCUSS with your classmates. Do you know of any other endangered plants? ANSWER the questions. Is Neptune grass a plant? Explain your answer. Where is it found? Why is it important?
FIND out more about an animal or plant in your neighbourhood. Make an index card for it, like the one below. Include basic information and photos: – common name – the kingdom it belongs to – a short description – where it lives – its life processes – some interesting facts – the main threats to it – the source or sources you have used P R E S E R V E B I O D I V E R S I T Y TAKE ACTI0N t w e n t y - o n e · 21 common name kingdom and group description life processes where it lives threats sources interesting facts HONEY BEE Animal kingdom (invertebrates) Description: honeybees are insects with four wings. They have characteristic yellow and black stripes. Where they live: bees live in beehives, which they build themselves, or in hives managed by beekeepers. They can live in many different types of places, including sand dunes and wetlands. Life processes: bees feed their young with pollen and nectar, so they depend completely on flowers for food. Bees can fly up to 6 miles and as fast as 15 miles per hour. Interesting facts: bees are great pollinators and play a critical role in healthy ecosystems, and therefore in our food production. They are essential in preserving the biosphere. And they make honey! The characteristic buzzing sound of bees is made by their wings, which beat 11,400 times per minute! Threats: climate change and increasing habitat loss. Sources: https://www.wwf.org.uk/ learn/fascinating-facts/bees https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/ how-bee-friendly share your index card with your classmates to create awareness about the importance of biodiversity. The word biodiversity ("life" + "variety") refers to the variety of living things on Earth. Biodiversity is extremely important for the health of people and ecosystems. The first step towards preserving biodiversity is to know about and take care of the living things around us. 1
C H E C K YO U R P R O G R E S S CELLS … are made up of … … … … Summary 1 ●○○ LISTEN and CoMPLETE the summary. Organise the information 2 ●○○ CoPY and CoMPLETE the concept map about cells. Use these words: animal plant nutrition nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane organelles 22 · t w e n t y - t w o can be … cells … cells reproduction sensitivity carry out • All living things carry out the life processes of nutrition, … and reproduction. • Cells are the basic units of life. Living things can be … or unicellular. • The levels of organisation of living things are cells, … , organs, … and organisms. • The kingdoms of living things are: animals, plant s, … , protoctists and bacteria.
8 ●●○ LooK at the pictures. Which level of organisation does each one represent? 9 ●●○ IDENTIFY the photos and ANSWER the questions. What can you see in the photos? Are they of animal or plant origin? How are they different? How are they the same? Apply 3 ●○○ CoRRECT this definition of biodiversity in your notebook. Biodiversity is all the multicellular living things on Earth. 4 ●●○ WRITE definitions for nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction in your notebook. 5 ●○○ EXPLAIN the difference between multicellular and unicellular living things. What group do humans belong to? 6 ●○○ LABEL the cell in your notebook. Is it an animal cell or a plant cell? Explain. 7 ●○○ WRITE an example of each level of organisation in the human body. cell organ tissue system My progress 12 CoPY and CoMPLETE in your notebook. I have learnt that… I want to learn more about… I can preserve biodiversity by… 10 ●●○ ANSWER the questions in your notebook. In which kingdom are all the living things unicellular? Are protoctists unicellular, multicellular or both? 1 1 ●●○ EXPLAIN the characteristics of the living thing in the photo. Remember what you have learnt in this unit. t w e n t y - t h r e e · 23 My portfolio WRITE a few sentences about biodiversity. How many species of animals and plants live on Earth? INVESTIGATE the scientist Carolus Linnaeus. What was his most significant contribution? DESIGN a poster with illustrations that show the endangered animals and plants in your region. CH00SE one task. Save it in your portfolio. A D E B A B A B C D C 1
Climates in Spain Climate influences the types of animals and plants that live in an area. This is why climate change will destroy our environment if we do not stop it. In this project you will use your computer to learn about the main characteristics of Spain's climates and living things. What can we do to help to reduce climate change? 130 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y DIGITAL PROJECT
What do you use computers or tablets for? What tools do you use to find information on the internet? How do you present your classwork? COMPUTER QUIZ! o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - o n e · 131
Learn about different types of climate There are different ways to tell people about Spain's different climates. Here are some ideas: 132 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - t w o Work with your team to choose the best option, make plans, do the tasks and share your work with others. Let's start our digital project! Climate change is a global problem. What can we do to reduce it? We need to understand what climate is, the characteristics of each type of climate and the living things in each one. How can we show everyone the different types of climates and living things in Spain? USE A COMPUTER TO MAKE AN ANIMATION RECORD A VIDEO AND SHARE IT MAKE A POSTER
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OR NEED LOOK AT DIFFERENT OPTIONS PLAN THE WORK AND SHARE THE TASKS REVIEW THE PROJECT AND THINK OF SOME WAYS TO IMPROVE IT CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION DEVELOP THE PROJECT SHARE THE PROJECT Highlight the characteristics of Spain's climates and the living things in each one. Record a video. Write a story. Make a poster. Use a computer to make an animation. Each team member must be involved and complete their tasks. We can use the Scratch website to create the animation. We can make our presentation and play it at the same time. Does everything work correctly? What can we change or improve? Has every team member participated? We can use the computer and the internet to share our project with others. In this project we will make an animation on the computer. What are the steps of the project? To complete the project, we will follow these steps. Steps 3 4 5 6 7 o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - t h r e e · 133 DIGITAL PROJECT 1 2
o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - n i n e · 149 H OW T O . . . . . . F I N D R E L I A B L E I N F O R M AT I O N . . . M A K E A M I N D M A P
HOW TO FIND RELIABLE INFORMA TION There is so much information on the internet, but it is not always easy to find what we are looking for. How do we know if websites are reliable? There are some tricks that can help you to search effectively, and others to help you to decide whether you can trust the information. Type what you need to find into a search engine. Imagine you have to do an activity about healthy eating. Write healthy eating and other key words that you want to appear in the search: Here are some tips for making searches more efficient: The search engine does not take into account articles, prepositions or other short words. It does not use punctuation and it does not distinguish between capital letters and small letters. The order of the words is essential. The search engine considers them to be written in order from the most to the least important: Use quotation marks to search for an exact phrase. For example, if you know the title of an article and you want to find it: Use the minus sign (–) next to a word to eliminate the results that contain the word. The most used search engine is Google, but there are others, such as Yahoo or Bing. healthy eating recommendations children healthy eating recommendations children “Ten recommendations for healthy eating ” healthy eating recommendations –thin Healthy eating. Recommendations for children. 150 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y
o n e h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y - t h r e e · 153 K E Y VO C A B U L A RY Let’s play with words! Great!
bacteria a kingdom that includes unicellular organisms. They are the smallest and simplest of all living things. carnivore animals that eat other animals. cell the tiny, basic unit of life. cell membrane a thin and permeable layer that separates the inside of a cell from the outside. chloroplast an organelle in a plant cell that contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. cytoplasm the liquid that makes up most of the cell. This is mainly water. fungi a kingdom that includes unicellular or multicellular organisms that take in food and cannot move. herbivore animals that eat plants. movement a change of position. A movement can be a response to a stimuli. multicellular made up of more than one cell. nucleus the part of the cell that controls what happens in the cell. nutrition the process through which living things get raw materials and energy from food. omnivore animals that eat both plants and other animals. organ a group of tissues that work together to perform a common function. organelle the part of a cell that carries out a particular function. organism a complete living thing, made up of all the systems. oviparous animals that lay eggs. photosynthesis the process through which plants make their own food. They use energy from sunlight. protoctist a kingdom that includes protozoa and algae. reproduction the process through which living things produce offspring. sensitivity the process through which living things detect and respond to changes in their environment. system several organs that work together to perform a common function. tissue a group of similar cells with the same function. unicellular made up of just one cell. viviparous animals that give birth to live young. K E Y VO C A B U L A RY · We look after living things WRITE out a definition on a strip of paper. Your partner reads it and guesses the word. Take turns to write and guess. 1 154 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y - f o u r
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