3 P R I M A R Y Natural Science This book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Editorial department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. WRITER Sheila Tourle ILLUSTRATORS Julio Antonio Blasco López Pau Valls EDITORS Beatriz Bejarano Sara J. Checa Beatriz G. Hipólito Virginia R. Mitchell Patricia G. Rivera Ros Walford DIGITAL EDITORS Ismael Gómez Rocío Moreno EDITORIAL MANAGER María Antonia Oliva BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
World MakErs materials: I love learning! Have an open mind. Ask questions and investigate. Be creative. Communicate. Be a critical thinker. Collaborate with others. Show solidarity. Be autonomous. head shoulder stomach hand knee back arm bottom leg ankle PARTS OF THE BODY
S T E P 2 Finally, at the end of each term, you will take the Challenge and work in teams to achieve the SUSTAINABLE DEVEL0PMENT G0ALS. Follow the LEARNING PATH to a better world! DISC0VER THE PR0BLEM described in the Learning situation. Observe the world around you and ask yourself lots of questions. What can you do t o make the world a better place? LEARN NEW THINGS to understand the world. Think critic ally, investigate and cooperate with others. S T E P 1 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 LEARN BY D0ING Develop your skills in the STEAM lab. Communicate in Language makers. Then Take action to change the world. CHECK Y0UR PR0GRESS What new things have you learnt?
What are you going to LEARN? We have healthy habits 6 1 Essential knowledge Healthy habits are good for our body and mind. How can we improve our habits? Learning situation We protect animals 24 – Life processes of animals – Vertebrates – Invertebrates – Molluscs – Insects 2 All animals are important, but some species are endangered. How can we protect animals? We take care of vertebrates 46 People live with animals as pets. How can we look after animals? – Mammals – Birds and reptiles – Amphibians and fish – The importance of animals 3 We save energy 84 We need electricity to keep warm in winter. How can we save energy and stay warm at the same time? – Matter – Heat and temperature – Changes in matter – Pure substances and mixtures 5 We preserve ecosystems 62 Ecosystems are essential for life on Earth. What can we do to preserve ecosystems? – Ecosystems – Food chains – Other relationships in ecosystems – Main types of ecosystems 4 We use technology safely 100 Computers are essential machines in our daily life. How can we use technology safely? – Computers and tablets – The functions of computers – Internet and its uses – Risks in the digital world 6 REV I EW 1 AND 2 REV I EW 3 AND 4 REV I EW 5 AND 6 Digital project Nature watchers CHALLENGE: FOOD FOR AL L Plan a school vegetable garden CHALLENGE: RESPECT ANIMAL S Make index cards about endangered animals CHALLENGE: ACH I EVE GENDER EQUAL I TY Do a class survey about gender equality KEY VOCABULARY HoW To. . . – Obse r ve an image – Work as a team – Give an oral presentation – Life processes and cells – The human body – Feelings and emotions – Stages of life – Healthy habits
Science workshop Analyse your habits Tech workshop Make your own stethoscope Jobs in health Improve your habits STEAM lab Language makers Take action What are you going to DO? Science workshop Write a field journal Tech workshop Make a model of an insect Incredible animals Save the bees Science workshop Identify birds in parks Tech workshop Build a bird feeder Our pet friends Look after pets Science workshop Compare materials Tech workshop Make a homemade thermometer Fire and heat Save energy at home Science workshop Write an ecosystem fact file Tech workshop Make a collage of an ecosystem Ecosystem rescue Clean up ecosystems Tech workshop Write with a computer Programming workshop Give commands to computers A computer the size of a room! Be safe on the internet – Write a summary – Draw a concept map
Climbing exercises many parts of the body. We have healthy habits Healthy habits are good for our body and mind. Eating well, exercising and getting enough sleep keep us healthy and happy. How can we improve our habits? LEARNING SITUATION 1 How many parts of your body can you name? Name some healthy habits. Think of another question to ask the class. QUICK QUIZ! 6 · s i x
W0RK WITH THE PH0T0 What is the girl doing? Is it a healthy habit? How is she feeling? She is... She is feeling... MY STUDY PLAN Learn Life processes and cells The human body Feelings and emotions Stages of life Healthy habits Do STEAM lab Analyse your habits Make your own stethoscope Language makers Jobs in health Take action Improve your habits Check your progress s e v e n · 7
1 ●○○ WRITE nutrition, sensitivity or reproduction for each situation. You eat a banana at breaktime. You see a bee on a flower. Your aunt is expecting a baby. 2 ●●○ DISCUSS. Is a car a living thing? People are living things because we carry out the three basic life processes in order to survive: nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. What makes us living things? What do we get from food? We need energy from food to carry out our daily activities, and raw materials to grow. NUTRITION We get energy and raw materials from food. SENSITIVITY We sense what happens around us and respond to it. REPRODUCTION We have offspring similar to ourselves. TH I N K AB0UT IT ! We need energy in our daily life. Do we all need the same amount of energy? A car cannot… A car can… word bank cell · nutrition reproduction sensitivity 8 · e i g h t
1 Cells Our body is made up of millions of tiny cells. Cells are the basic units of life. 3 ●○○ CoPY and CoMPLETE the sentences about cells. Use these words. Cells are the basic units of … . There are many … of cells. Cells form … . Tissues join together to form … . 4 ●○○ CoMPARE the two pictures. Which one looks most like a tissue? Explain. tissues life organs types Cells are very small. We cannot see them with the naked eye. We need to use a microscope. There are many types of cells. They are different shapes. Cells join together in an organised way. Cells of the same type form tissues. Tissues join together to form organs, like the heart. A B n i n e · 9
Our body has three main parts: head, trunk and limbs. What is our body like? 5 ●○○ CLASSIFY. Copy and complete the table. Where can we find these parts? The face is on the head. The arms are the upper limbs. The trunk is the central part of the body, from the neck to the waist. The thorax and the abdomen are in the trunk. The legs are the lower limbs. head trunk upper limbs lower limbs cheek forehead chin wrist hand elbow leg abdomen forearm knee hip shoulder ankle thigh arm foot thorax cheek abdomen leg chin arm thorax Head Trunk Limbs … … … neck waist word bank head · limb organ · trunk 10 · t e n
1 ORGANS INVOLVED IN REPRODUCTION ORGANS INVOLVED IN NUTRITION ORGANS INVOLVED IN SENSITIVITY Inside our body There are many organs inside our body. Organs carry out the life processes. ovary stomach intestines testicle mouth lung heart vagina penis muscle bone tongue nose eye skin ear brain nerves 6 ●●○ L00K at the pictures and SAY the name of an organ. Your partner says the life process it carries out. Brain! Sensitivity? FEMALE MALE e l e v e n · 11
How do we feel? We have different emotions in different situations. My team loses the game. I feel SAD. I play with my friends. I feel HAPPY. I am ANGRY when my parents won't let me play outside. My family throws me a party. I feel SURPRISED. Our emotions can affect our health. When we are happy, we feel positive. This emotion is good for our health. When we feel sad, we feel negative. This is a normal emotion. It does not affect our health. If we are unhappy, sad or scared over a long period of time, we can become ill. We may get stomach aches or headaches, or we may have a more serious problem. word bank angry · happy sad · surprised 12 · t w e l v e
1 We need to learn to understand our feelings and emotions. In this way, we can share our problems, ask for help and also help others. 7 ●○○ PLAY. Mime an emotion. Your partner guesses how you feel. Is it easy or difficult to guess the emotion? 8 ●●○ DISCUSS. How do you feel in these situations? You open a birthday present. It is raining and you cannot play outside. You are going to the cinema. Your best friend moves to a different town. 9 ●○○ DRAW in your notebook a situation that makes you happy. I feel happy! WHEN YOU ARE SAD You can tell someone and you will feel better. WHEN YOU ARE ANGRY You need to calm down. Then you can talk calmly and make peace. People are able to understand how others are feeling and offer help if someone needs it. How can you feel better? t h i r t e e n · 13
ADOLESCENCE Teenagers prepare to become adults. Boys and girls develop in different ways. Teenagers develop personal tastes and are more independent. CHILDHOOD During early childhood, babies change very fast. Newborn babies drink milk and are dependent on adults. Children learn to read and write at school. How do we grow and change? As we grow, we go through different stages of life. 10 ●○○ WRITE the stage of life that your friends and family members are at. 1 1 ●●● EXPLAIN what you can do on your own. baby child teenagers I can… INVESTIGATE Our teeth change with age. What are milk teeth? What are adult teeth? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! word bank adolescence adulthood childhood old age 14 · f o u r t e e n
1 ADULTHOOD Adults stop growing. Their body is fully developed. They can have children. Adult minds can assume responsibilities like working and caring for a family. OLD AGE Elderly people begin to lose strength. Their bones are fragile and their muscles become weaker. However, they can still be active. We can learn from their experience. adults elderly people "Elderly people cannot do sports." · What do you think about this statement? Is it true or false? · What do the elderly people you know do? Tru e or F a l s e I think elderly people can... My grandmother goes for a walk every morning. f i f t e e n · 15
How can we stay healthy? When we are healthy, we feel good and our body works well. Healthy habits keep us healthy. Have good hygiene habits to prevent illnesses. Have a shower every day. Wash your hands and clean your teeth regularly. Eat healthy foods. They keep your body working correctly. Wash fruits and vegetables before you eat them. Help to keep your house clean and tidy. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! INVESTIGATE Doctors recommend a Mediterranean diet. What is it? Find a picture of the types of food this diet includes. Cut them out or draw them. Label them. word bank exercise good posture healthy food · hygiene leisure · sleep sport 16 · s i x t e e n
1 Exercise and do sports regularly. They keep you healthy and happy. Have good posture. It keeps your back straight and strong. Do leisure activities. They help you to feel happy and relaxed. Sleep about ten hours every night to wake up with energy. TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Which of these words do you associate with being healthy? tired • happy • clean relaxed • sad • energetic strong • stressed • dirty 12 ●●○ LISTEN and WRITE. Are these healthy habits? 13 ●●● DRAW your favourite leisure activity in your notebook. Write a sentence to describe it. I like… It makes me feel good to… s e v e n t e e n · 17
DISCUSS. Do you think you have healthy habits? complete the questionnaire about your habits. Copy this questionnaire in your notebook. Check your score and read the result. A N A LY S E YO U R H A B I T S STEAM LAB SCIENCE W0RKSH0P Health questionnaire 1. How many times a week do you have a shower? a) fewer than 3 times b) between 4 and 5 times c) every day 2. How many times a day do you clean your teeth? a) once b) twice c) after every meal 3. How much sport or exercise do you do every week? a) 1 hour b) 2 hours c) more than 3 hours 4. How many times a week do you eat sweets? a) more than 3 times b) 2 or 3 times c) once 5. How many hours do you sleep at night? a) fewer than 8 hours b) 8 to 9 hours c) 10 hours at least CHECK your score. For each answer count: a) 1 point b) 3 points c) 5 points Share your results with your classmates. Which habits do you need to improve? I play basketball every day. RESULTS: 20 to 25 points. Congratulations! You have very healthy habits! 10 to 20 points. You need to correct a few habits, but you are quite healthy. Under 10 points. Oh dear! Think about how to improve your habits! 18 · e i g h t e e n
M A K E YO U R OW N S T E T H O S C O P E STEAM LAB TECH W0RKSH0P ANSWER. Which level of activity makes your heartbeat faster? MAKE a simple model of a stethoscope. Follow these steps: Place the funnel into one end of the cardboard tube. Secure it with tape. Use the scissors to cut off the top third of the balloon. Stretch the balloon tightly over the open end of the funnel. Secure the balloon with some tape to hold it in place. Student 1 Student 2 At rest … … After running for 30 seconds … … CHECK your stethoscope works. Take turns to listen to your partner's heartbeat. Count the beats you hear in a minute and complete the table. My heartbeat is faster when I... Doctors use a stethoscope. This instrument listens to a patient's heartbeat and breathing. You need a plastic funnel a cardboard tube from a kitchen roll insulating tape a balloon scissors a stopwatch 1 n i n e t e e n · 19
Let's read! READ the text about vaccines. DESCRIBE what your doctor does when you have a check-up. SAY what doctors usually do in a check-up. Look in your mouth. Examine your ears. Listen to your chest. Examine your stomach. LISTEN to the description of your doctor's job. Let's speak! TALK about your doctor. JOBS IN HEALTH nurse She listens to my heartbeat. She tests my eyes. LANGUAGE MAKERS Why d o we g e t va c c i n a te d ? Vaccines are substances that prevent diseases. Scientists develop them in laboratories. A vaccine teaches your body how to fight against a specific disease. A nurse gives you an injection in the arm with a needle containing the vaccine. It is very quick! It will prevent you from getting ill. Vaccines are safe, even for little babies. They will not harm you. Your dog and other pets also need to get vaccinated! So don't be scared when it is your turn! FIND these words. A substance that teaches your body to fight a disease. A person whose job is to take care of people's health. People who study how to prevent diseases. 20 · t w e n t y
SHARE your poster with the class, your family and friends. How can you help them to improve their habits? Healthy habits will help us to enjoy good health throughout our lives. TAKE ACTI0N I M P R OV E YO U R H A B I T S MAKE a poster with your promises to stay healthy. Think of healthy habits and write your promises. A dd a title and include drawings or photos on your poster. P ut your poster up at home to remember to keep your promises. Clean your teeth after each meal. Do some exercise every day. Healthy habit promises I promise to stay healthy by following these habits: I will clean my teeth after every meal. I will have a shower every day. I will ride my bicycle at weekends. I will eat two pieces of fruit every day. I will play with my friends outdoors. I will sleep about ten hours every night. t w e n t y - o n e · 21 1
Organise the information 2 ●○○ C0PY and C0MPLETE the concept map. Use these words: testicles bones trunk healthy food OUR BODY PARTS ORGANS HEALTHY HABITS stomach ovaries or … brain head limbs exercise leisure time good hygiene good posture … … … Summary 1 ●○○ LISTEN and C0MPLETE the summary. C H E C K YO U R P R O G R E S S People are living things. We carry out three basic life processes: • Nutrition: we get raw materials and … from food. • Sensitivity: we … what happens around us and respond to it. • Reproduction: we have … similar to ourselves. 22 · t w e n t y - t w o
Apply 3 ●●○ CLASSIFY. Copy and complete the table with other organs involved in each life process. Nutrition Sensitivity Reproduction … … … 4 ●●○ WRITE in your notebook how these situations make you feel. Then compare your answers with the rest of the class. You are doing an exam. You have a medical check-up. You have to speak in public. 5 ●●○ MATCH the stages of life in your notebook. 6 ●●● WRITE three healthy habits you have. - I sleep ten hours every night. My portfolio Choose one task and keep it. DRAW faces that express different emotions and name them. MAKE a poster about the stages of life. WRITE about your favourite sport. How does it make you feel? My progress 7 C0PY and C0MPLETE in your notebook. Now I know that... I want to learn more about... I stay healthy by... Babies Teenagers Adults Elderly people change very fast. are fully developed. have a lot of life experiences. develop personal tastes. 1 t w e n t y - t h r e e · 23
122 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - t w o DIGITAL PROJECT Nature watchers We share the planet with many other living things. However, people often leave litter in places where it harms them: in parks, forests, ponds, rivers, on the beach, etc. In this project you will use your computer to fight against this problem. What can we do to reduce litter?
What do you use computers or tablets for? How are computers similar or different to each other? Do you like video games? COMPUTER QUIZ! o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - t h r e e · 123
Reduce litter in natural areas There are different ways to tell people not to leave litter in natural areas. Here are some ideas: RECORD A VIDEO WRITE A STORY ON PAPER USE THE COMPUTER TO TELL A STORY AND SHARE IT WITH MANY PEOPLE 124 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - f o u r Many places on the planet are polluted with litter. We want to reduce the litter left in forests, on beaches and in parks. How can we tell everyone that we all need to behave better and not leave litter? Work with your team to choose the best option, make plans, do the tasks and share your work with others. Let's start our digital project!
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM OR GOAL LOOK AT DIFFERENT OPTIONS PLAN THE WORK AND SHARE THE TASKS EVALUATE THE PROJECT AND IDENTIFY POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION DEVELOP THE PROJECT SHARE THE PROJECT Steps Make everyone respect nature more and not throw litter on the ground. Record a video. Write a story on paper. Make a poster. Use a computer to tell a story. Each team member must be involved and complete their tasks. We will use the Scratch website to tell our story. Does everything work correctly? What can we change or improve? Has every team member participated? We will use the computer and the internet to share our project with others. In this project we will use the computer to tell a story. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 What are the steps of the project? To complete the project, we will follow these steps. o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y - f i v e · 125 DIGITAL PROJECT
. . . O B S E R V E A N I M A G E . . . WO R K A S A T E A M . . . G I V E A N O R A L P R E S E N TAT I O N . . . W R I T E A S U M M A RY . . . D R AW A C O N C E P T M A P o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h i r t y - n i n e · 139 H OW T O . . .
H OW T O O B S E R V E A N I M A G E Images that accompany text help us to understand what we are reading. Look at the photos and drawings in your books and you will discover some interesting things. 1 IDENTIFY the main elements of the image. Which elements do you see first? Which elements are the most important? Ask questions about them: What are they? What are they like? How many are there? What are they doing? What is their role? 2 Look at the whole composition. Where is the place? What details help you to know? Where are the main elements located? In the foreground In the middle On the right On the left 3 LooK at the details. What else do you see? What is the relationship between the different elements? What do you think about the elements you see? 140 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y
o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - f i v e · 145 K E Y VO C A B U L A RY Let’s play with words! Great!
adolescence the stage of life after childhood. Boys and girls develop in different ways. adulthood the stage of life when the body stops growing and is ready to have children. angry when you feel angry, you feel very annoyed. cell the basic unit of life. childhood the first stage of life. Babies and children grow and change very fast. emotion a feeling, which can be caused by the situation that you are in. exercise to do a physical activity that keeps you healthy and happy. good posture sitting and standing correctly. happy you feel happy when something pleases or satisfies you. head the part of the body where the face and the brain are located. healthy food food that keeps your body working correctly. hygiene the practice of keeping your body and your home clean and healthy. leisure time spent doing things you enjoy. life process a process that all living things have in common. limb an arm or a leg. nutrition a life process by which living things get energy and raw materials from food. old age the last stage of life. organ the part of the body that carries out the life processes. reproduction a life process by which living things have offspring similar to themselves. sad when you feel sad, you feel unhappy. sensitivity a life process by which living things sense and respond to what happens around them. sleep to rest your mind and body. surprised you feel surprised when something unexpected happens. tissue a group of cells of the same type that join together. trunk the central part of the body. K E Y VO C A B U L A RY · We have healthy habits WRITE a definition on a strip of paper. Your partner reads it and guesses the word. Take turns to write and guess. 1 146 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - s i x
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