6 P R I M A R Y Natural and Social Science This book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Editorial department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. EDITORS Belén Álvarez, Raquel de Andrés, Mar García, Amalia Grau, Francisco Javier Lahiguera, Adela Martín, Antonio Pinilla, Virginia R. Mitchell, Heather Sutton, Ros Walford, David Wile ILLUSTRATORS Giulia De Amicis, Alex Fernández, Pedro Simón, Ángel Svoboda CLIL CONSULTANT Sheila Tourle EDITORIAL MANAGERS Nuria Corredera, Juan Ignacio Medina, María Antonia Oliva PROJECT DIRECTOR Antonio Brandi BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
World MakErs materials: Have an open mind. Ask questions and investigate. Be creative. Communicate. Be a critical thinker. Collaborate with others. Show solidarity. Be autonomous. I love learning!
Follow the lEarNINg path to a better world! S T E P 2 Finally, at the end of each term, you will take the Challenge and work in .teams to achieve the SUSTAINABLE DEVEL0PMENT G0ALS. DISC0VER THE PR0BLEM described in the Learning situation. Observe the world around you and ask yourself lots of questions. What can you do t o make the world a better place? LEARN NEW THINGS to understand the world. Think critic ally, investigate and cooperate with others. S T E P 1 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 LEARN BY D0ING Develop your skills in the STEAM/GEO/HISTORY lab. Communicate in Language makers. Then Take action to change the world. CHECK Y0UR PR0GRESS What new things have you learnt?
Learning situation Essential knowledge We eat responsibly 8 To be healthy, we need to eat a balanced diet. How can we eat healthily without harming the environment? – The nutrition process – Nutrients and food – Health and food – Food safety – Digestion We look after our body systems 26 Doing regular exercise and breathing fresh air are healthy habits. What other healthy habits can we have to prevent diseases? – The respiratory system – The blood and the blood vessels – The circulatory system – The excretory system – The health of the organs of nutrition 1 2 REV I EW 1 AND 2 What are you going to LEARN? We love the Universe 86 Many women made enormous contributions to space exploration. How can we tell others about their contributions? – The Universe – The Solar System – The Earth and the Moon – Space exploration – Challenges facing the Earth We save natural resources 106 We use minerals to make products such as electronic devices. How can we help to prevent the Earth’s resources from running out? – The spheres of the Earth – The Earth’s surface – Rocks – Minerals – Uses of rocks and minerals 5 6 We embrace adolescence 46 Adolescence is the stage when we become adults. What values can help us to build our personality? – The reproductive system – Sex cells and fertilisation – Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding – The health of the reproductive system We use energy wisely 62 The way we use energy causes some problems, such as polluting the environment. How can we use energy responsibly? – Energy and its properties – Sources of energy – Electricity and its uses – Electric current – Uses of energy 3 4 REV I EW 3 AND 4 Design a leaflet about the risks of alcohol and tobacco CHALLENGE: GOOD HEALTH AND WE L LBE ING REV I EW 5 AND 6 We preserve landscapes 126 Evidence shows that we need to slow down climate change in order to protect natural landscapes. How can we protect them? – Climate and landscapes – The Earth’s climates – The Earth’s landscapes – The relief and rivers of Europe – Europe’s landscapes 7 GEOGRAPHY – Technology and geography – Reading maps – Planispheres
STEAM/GEO/HISTORY lab Language makers Take action Science workshop Prepare a healthy menu Tech workshop Make a model of the digestive system Good for the planet Promote sustainable food Science workshop Take a pulse Tech workshop Recognise a stroke Do we breath polluted air? Prevent diseases with healthy habits What are you going to DO? Design workshop Make a timeline of space exploration Geography workshop Make a model of Earth’s revolution Space heroes Meet the women in space Science workshop Prepare an index card of a rock Tech workshop Make a video to reduce plastic use Call to action Buy less, buy better Science workshop Draw the menstrual cycle Tech workshop Do a presentation on leisure time We are all unique Support equal rights Tech workshop Draw and build an electric circuit Become carbon neutral Take steps to reduce your carbon footprint Design workshop Make a multimedia presentation about the relief of Europe Thinking routines Create an infographic about a river in Europe Valuable landscapes Raise awareness about threatened landscapes
Learning situation Essential knowledge We support sustainable development 146 We need to limit the impact of consumption on the environment. How can we be sustainable consumers? – Production, consumption and distribution – Natural resources and consumption – Sustainable consumption – Green economy – Distribution of wealth – Sustainable cities 8 What are you going to LEARN? We discover the 19th century 168 In the 19th century, the idea of providing special protection to children emerged. How can we support children’s rights? – Contemporary Age – Different political systems – The Industrial Revolution – Changes in society – Cultural changes We explore our modern history 188 Since the beginning of the 20th century, Spain has been profoundly transformed. How can we value these historical changes? – The beginning of the 20th century – The end of the Republic and the Spanish Civil War – Franco’s dictatorship – Democracy in Spain – Spain today 9 10 REV I EW 7 AND 8 CHALLENGE: PROMOTE PEAC E Set up a pair of peer mediators REV I EW 9 AND 10 We are Europeans 210 We are part of the European Union and we can shape the Europe of tomorrow. How can we help to build the future of the European Union? – The population of Europe – The European Union – The main institutions of the European Union – The economy of the European Union – Diversity in the European Union We use the internet safely 228 Social networks can facilitate harassment and create addiction. How can we use social media safely? – Using the internet efficiently – Spotting fake news – Internet and social networks – Netiquette and cybersecurity 11 12 REV I EW 1 1 AND 1 2 CHALLENGE: F IGHT C L IMATE CHANGE Make a display board about climate change and its impacts H I STORY – Historical time – Historical sources – The periods of history D IG I TAL PROJ ECT Improve nutrition KEY VOCABULARY
STEAM/GEO/HISTORY lab Language makers Take action Geography workshop Compare the level of development of two countries Design workshop Prepare a Sustainable Development Goals campaign Food waste warriors Be a sustainable consumer What are you going to DO? History workshop Compare an old and a modern constitution Design workshop Organise an exhibition of Francisco de Goya Child labour in the Industrial Revolution Support children’s rights History workshop Propose a historical tour Design workshop Draw a recent historical event Making equality real Share your family history Design workshop Design European Union symbols Thinking routines Think about the European Union and what it means to you Europe, better together Assess the European Union Tech workshop Work as a team online Stop cyberbullying Use the internet responsibly
86 · e i g h t y - s i x What is the Earth's natural satellite? Name some other planets in the Solar System. Think of another question to ask the class. QUICK QUIZ! 5 We love the Universe Today we know a lot about the Universe, the stars and planet Earth thanks to science and technology. Many women who made enormous contributions to space exploration are not well-known. How can we tell others about women's contributions to space exploration? LEARNING SITUATION For the best stargazing, find a place outdoors away from bright lights.
e i g h t y - s e v e n · 87 MY STUDY PLAN Learn The Universe The Solar System The Earth The Moon Space exploration Challenges facing the Earth Do GEO lab Make a timeline of space exploration Make a model of Earth's revolution Language makers Space heroes Take action Meet the women in space Check your progress WoRK WITH THE PHoTo What are these people doing? What celestial bodies can they see in the night sky? Can you see the same things at night in a city? We can see…
What is the Universe? The Universe is everything that exists in space. It is made up of millions of galaxies. Each galaxy contains millions and millions of stars, planets and other celestial bodies that are far apart. The origin of the Universe Most astronomers believe the Universe began about 15 billion (15,000,000,000) years ago. At that time, the Universe was contained within a single point. Then it suddenly started to expand. The stars, galaxies and other celestial bodies began to form. We call this the big bang theory. Artist's impression of the big bang Milky Way Orion Arm centre of the galaxy Solar System Earth 1 ●○○ ANSWER in your notebook. What is the Universe? How did the Universe begin? Where is Earth in the Universe? 2 ●●○ listen and answer. How big is the Universe? Earth's location in the Universe Astrology is the belief that the positioning of the stars and planets affects people's lives. "Astrology is a science." Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Tru e or F a l s e 88 · e i g h t y - e i g h t
5 Galaxies are groups of millions of stars, planets, gas clouds and rock fragments. Galaxies have different shapes: elliptical, spiral or irregular. The Solar System is located in one of the arms of a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. Stars are enormous spheres of gas. They produce a great deal of energy. This is emitted in the form of light and heat. Stars vary in colour, size and brightness. – The hottest stars are white or blue. The coldest ones are orange or red. – In terms of size, they can be dwarf stars, giants or supergiants. – Brightness depends on their luminosity, which is the amount of light a star emits, and on their distance from Earth. The closest stars look brighter. 3 ●●○ Compare a star, a constellation and a galaxy. 4 ●●● DISCUSS with your partner. Why do we call our galaxy the Milky Way? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! oBSERVE the night sky. Draw the celestial bodies that you can see in the sky with the naked eye. Which ones are the brightest objects? Celestial bodies The Universe is made up of stars, galaxies and many other celestial bodies. The Sun is a yellow dwarf star. STARS GALAXIES TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Constellations are groups of stars that look like a particular shape in the sky. They are named after objects, animals and mythological characters. For example, the Plough is part of a larger constellation called Ursa Major. Are the stars that make up a constellation connected to each other? We call it the Milky Way because… word bank celestial body galaxy Milky Way star Universe e i g h t y - n i n e · 89
What is the Solar System like? The Earth is located in the Solar System, within the Milky Way. The Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets and smaller objects such as asteroids and comets. The Solar System Earth Venus Saturn orbit asteroid belt comet Kuiper belt The Sun The Sun is a star. It is is roughly spherical in shape. The planets, asteroids and comets orbit the Sun. It is much, much bigger than the Earth. It provides the heat and light that make life possible on Earth. Planets Planets are large, spherical celestial bodies. They travel around a star in a curved path called an orbit. There are eight planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Satellites are objects in orbit around a planet. The Moon is the Earth's natural satellite. 90 · n i n e t y
5 SUN Mercury Mars Pluto Neptune Jupiter Uranus Dwarf planets Dwarf planets are celestial bodies, smaller than planets, that orbit stars. Most of them are spherical in shape. Pluto is a dwarf planet. Asteroids Asteroids are large rocks that orbit the Sun. They are mainly found in the asteroid belt and in the Kuiper belt. Comets Comets are balls of dust and ice that orbit the Sun. The ice melts as the comet gets closer to the Sun, producing its "tail". 5 ●○○ Describe the Solar System and make a list of its celestial bodies. 6 ●○○ WRITE definitions for these celestial bodies: the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. 7 ●●○ INVESTIGATE. What is the difference between asteroids, comets and meteors? word bank asteroid comet dwarf planet planet Solar System n i n e t y - o n e · 91
Why is the Earth unique? The Earth is our home planet. It is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth-largest planet in the Solar System. It is a sphere, but it is slightly flattened at the poles. It has a solid surface with mountains, valleys, plains, etc. It is the only planet with large amounts of liquid water. It is the only planet known to support life. Movements of the Earth The Earth moves in two different ways. It spins on its axis and it travels around the Sun. word bank revolution rotation Revolution The Earth orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Earth takes one year (about 365 days) to complete one orbit around the Sun. Seasons occur becuse the Earth's axis is tilted and it always points in the same direction. – In winter, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. – In summer, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. Rotation The Earth spins or rotates on its own axis. The Earth takes one day (about 24 hours) to complete one spin. Day and night are caused by the Earth's rotation. – It is daytime on the side of the Earth that faces the Sun. – It is night-time on the side that faces away from the Sun. summe r w i n t e r summe r w i n t e r sp r i ng au t umn sp r i ng au t umn 23 r d Sep t embe r 2 1 s t J une 2 1 s t Decembe r 2 1 s t Ma r ch Sou t h Po l e Earth's axis SUN ' S RAYS DAY N I GHT direction of rotation No r t h Po l e The Earth's rotation The Earth's revolution 92 · n i n e t y - t w o TH I N K AB 0 U T IT! Why does the Sun rise in the east and set in the west?
5 Life on Earth Earth is the only planet in the Solar System with the conditions for life to exist. These conditions are: Liquid water is essential for all life on Earth. It covers more than 70 % of the Earth's surface. Most of it is salt water in the oceans. The distance from the Sun is just right for water to remain in a liquid state. The temperature is not too hot and not too cold. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It keeps the Earth's surface at a comfortable temperature. It contains the oxygen that we breathe. 8 ●○○ DESCRIBE. What are the Earth's movements? 9 ●○○ ANSWER in your notebook. What causes day and night? What causes the seasons? 10 ●○○ NAME the conditions that make life possible on the Earth. oBSERVE If you are in space over the North Pole, looking down at the Earth: In which direction is the planet spinning: clockwise or anticlockwise? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! n i n e t y - t h r e e · 93
What is the Moon like? The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. Movements of the Moon The Moon moves in two different ways. The phases of the Moon The Moon does not emit its own light. It reflects light from the Sun. From the Earth, we see different parts of the Moon lit by the Sun as the Moon travels in its orbit. These changes in the Moon's appearance are called moon phases. In the first quarter, the right side of the Moon is lit by the Sun. At full moon, the entire lit side of the Moon faces Earth. In the third quarter, the left side of the Moon is lit by the Sun. At new moon, the side of the Moon lit by the Sun does not face the Earth. new moon first quarter full moon third quarter There are flat areas on the Moon that we call seas, although there is no water. The Moon's surface is covered in craters caused by meteor impacts. sea crater Rotation The Moon rotates on its axis. It takes about 28 days. Revolution The Moon orbits the Earth. It takes about 28 days. word bank eclipse phase Moon tide The time it takes for the Moon to rotate once on its axis is equal to the time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth. This means we always see the same side of the Moon, called the near side, from Earth. near side far side The Moon as seen from the Earth SUN ' S RAYS 94 · n i n e t y - f o u r
5 Eclipses An eclipse happens when a planet or a moon blocks the Sun's light. On Earth, we can experience two kinds of eclipses: solar eclipses and lunar eclipses. Tides The tide is the regular rise and fall of the sea level. It is caused by the Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth. There are about six hours between a high tide and a low tide. LUNAR ECLIPSE The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. The Moon passes through the Earth's shadow. From the Earth, it looks like the Moon is gradually disappearing. SOLAR ECLIPSES The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth. Part of the Earth passes through the Moon's shadow. From the Earth, it looks like the Sun is going dark. It is low tide when the water falls to its lowest level. It is high tide when the water has risen to its highest level. Sun Moon Ea r t h Sun Moon Ea r t h Sun Moon n i n e t y - f i v e · 95 1 1 ●●○ DESCRIBE to your partner one of the Moon phases. Your partner guesses which one it is. 12 ●●● DISCUSS. Why is the Moon bright at night? 13 ●○○ WRITE definitions for eclipse and tide in your notebook. 14 ●●○ explain. What happens during a total lunar eclipse? TH I N K AB 0 U T IT! Do all seas have tides?
Mars exploration In 1997, the Mars Pathfinder landed on Mars. It was an uncrewed spacecraft that included a rover. Rovers are robots with wheels and arms. They can move around the surface of a planet, while taking photos and samples. The next objective is to land a crewed spacecraft on Mars in the year 2030. Moon exploration The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle landed on the Moon on the 20th of July 1969. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first people to walk on the Moon. In 1972, Apollo 17 was the last mission to land on the Moon. First steps in space In the middle of the 20th century, the first rockets were built. They were used to launch artificial satellites and crewed spacecraft, or spacecraft with people on board. The first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth was Sputnik 1. It was launched in 1957. The first crewed spacecraft was Vostok 1. It was launched in 1961. Yuri Gagarin was the first human to go into space. How do we explore space? word bank artificial satellite rocket spacecraft space exploration In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to fly into space. The Lunar Module Eagle of the Apollo 11 mission landed in an area called the "Sea of Tranquility". The Perseverance rover landed on Mars in 2021. 96 · n i n e t y - s i x
5 15 ●●○ Explain why artificial satellites are important in our daily lives. 16 ●●○ DISCUSS. Do you agree with Neil Armstrong's famous quote? "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." 17 ●●○ FIND information about space tourist trips. Are they possible nowadays? Space technology Space exploration has shown us what the Universe is like. Technologies and services developed for space are now making our daily lives easier on Earth. Telecommunications satellites transmit radio, television, telephone and internet signals. Space stations are satellites with astronauts living on board. Earth observation satellites are used to monitor the environment, to forecast the weather and to make maps. Space telescopes are satellites used to explore outer space. ACTS (Advanced Communications Technology Satellite) Sentinel-2 International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Space debris is any human-made object in space that no longer serves a useful function. Special satellites are being developed to trap the debris and clean up space. NanoRacksRemove Debris n i n e t y - s e v e n · 97
What challenges does the Earth face? Pollution Pollution is the release of harmful substances into the environment. It damages the quality of air, water and land. Earth's greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, naturally trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet. They keep the Earth at a suitable temperature for life. 1 When we burn fossil fuels – such as coal, oil and gas – large amounts of greenhouse gases are released. These gases trap extra heat and cause global warming. 2 Global warming contributes to climate change. 3 AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the release of chemical substances, gas or smoke into the atmosphere. Human activities are the main cause of air pollution. It contributes to climate change. LIGHT POLLUTION Light pollution is the excess of artificial light at night. It prevents a clear view of the night sky. It makes it difficult to sleep and causes fatigue. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution is constant loud noise that is irritating or even harmful. It causes headaches, lack of concentration and deafness. Climate change Climate change refers to the long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns that are mainly caused by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases in the atmosphere. word bank climate change global warming greenhouse gases pollution 98 · n i n e t y - e i g h t
5 Climate change impacts Climate change indicators, such as ice loss and extreme weather events, can result in multiple threats to all living things. 18 ●●○ DISCUSS. What are the causes of pollution where you live? 19 ●○○ identify the main causes of climate change. 2 0 ●○○ DESCRIBE how climate change affects living things. 2 1 ●●○ DEBATE. What actions can you take to combat climate change? Climate actions Some actions can help to combat climate change and its impacts. These help to slow climate change in order to preserve life on the planet. Melting ice When temperatures increase, ice from glaciers and ice caps melts. More water flows into the oceans. This causes sea levels to rise. Consequences include flooding and damage to coastal areas. Biodiversity loss Climate change has altered natural ecosystems around the world. It has caused the loss of many plants and animals. Extreme weather events Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, wildfires and floods, are becoming more frequent and more severe. Climate migration Many people are forced to leave their homes due to rising sea levels, droughts, wildfires, increasing temperatures and other natural hazards. PREVENT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Make buildings and infrastructures better adapted to extreme weather conditions. Protect water, sanitation and drainage systems. Recover damaged landscapes after extreme weather events. REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Save energy. Use renewable energy sources. Use sustainable transport options: walk, cycle, take public transport or use shared vehicles. n i n e t y - n i n e · 99
100 · o n e h u n d r e d M A K E A T I M E L I N E O F S PA C E E X P L O R AT I O N GEo LAB DESIGN WoRKSHoP CHooSE a topic related to space exploration, in groups. INVESTIGATE your topic. Choose at least six events to include on the timeline. Be careful to only select events that are truly relevant and important for your topic. Collect photos or do drawings to illustrate your timeline. SPACE TELESCOPES SPACE EXPLORATION SPACECRAFT ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES MARS EXPLORATION DESIGN your timeline. Decide the time intervals. For example, five years, ten years, twenty years, etc. Choose the same measurement for each time interval. Think about the shape. Timelines can be horizontal, vertical, circular, etc. Choose the size of paper or card you will use. PRESENT your space exploration timeline to the rest of the class. Explain the main events that you have included. DISCUSS your favourite events. A timeline is a diagram that shows past events in chronological order. "Chronological" means the order in which things happen. The first artificial satellite was launched in…
o n e h u n d r e d a n d o n e · 101 M A K E A M O D E L O F E A R T H ' S R E VO L U T I O N GEo LAB GEOGRAPHY WORKSHOP COLLECT the material you need to build an astronomical model, in pairs. BUILD the model. Decorate the ball to represent the Earth. Mark the two poles and the Equator on the ball. Write N (north) and S (south) on the corresponding hemispheres. Bend the wire as shown in the photos below. Pass the wire through the ball from pole to pole. Stick the model onto the polystyrene board. USE the model to show the Earth's revolution. Turn off the lights in the classroom and shine the torch on the ball. The torch represents the Sun. Spin the Earth anticlockwise. See how the light on one point on the ball changes. PRESENT your model to the class. Indicate where the Northern Hemisphere is in each photo. Explain what happens in the Northern Hemisphere in summer and in winter. A model is a representation of reality. It helps to show what something is like or how it works. You need a polystyrene board a torch a polystyrene ball wire a felt-tip pen wire felt-tip pen ball torch board A B In winter, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted... 5
Let's read! READ about some special space heroes. Human computers Before there were reliable computers, there were "human computers". These people were in charge of carrying out complex mathematical calculations by hand. Thanks to these mathematicians, in 1969 humans reached the Moon. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) hired female African-American mathematicians for performing complicated calculations. Their contributions made it possible to plot the flight paths of some of the most iconic missions in space exploration. For example, thanks to their calculations, the astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, in 1962. These women were segregated and not allowed to work with their other colleagues. In those days, white men were in charge of almost all jobs related to science, technology, engineering and maths. These human calculators were invisible for nearly 50 years. Today, they are now recognised as some of the most important people in aerospace history. Their work is considered one of the greatest contributions to humankind. Let's speak! DISCUSS. In the past, did many women work in science, technology, engineering and maths? What about today? Do you know any female scientists, engineers or mathematicians? IMAGINE you are one of the African-American mathematicians working at NASA and you cannot socialise with your colleagues. How would you feel? LANGUAGE MAKERS S PA C E H E R O E S Katherine Johnson did the calculations that made the Apollo 11 mission possible. ANSWER these questions in your notebook. Who were the "human computers"? Why is the work of these women so important? I feel terrible. 102 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d t w o
MEET THE WOMEN IN SPACE TAKE ACTIoN INVESTIGATE women in space. Find reliable information. Some examples of reliable websites are: Choose the woman that inspires or impresses you most. Find information about her life, her work and her achievements. Make a fact file about her. Personal details: name, place and date of birth, etc. The most important events in her professional life (in chronological order) Her contributions to space exploration The awards that she has received Name: Peggy Whitson Early life and education: … Contributions: … Awards: … Other interesting facts: … WOMEN IN SPACE THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY (ESA) NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) History is full of women who made enormous contributions to space exploration. But many of them are not well-known. Let's share their stories! SHARE the fact file with the class. Tell them what you find most interesting about her life. DISCUSS. Have you heard of any of these women before? Why do you think that is? We probably haven't heard of her because… Include: o n e h u n d r e d a n d t h r e e · 103 5
• The Earth is a planet located in the …, within the Milky Way. The Milky Way is a spi ral … in the Universe. • The Earth moves in two different ways. It spins on its own … and it travels around the … . Earth is the only planet with liquid … on the surface. • … is a threat to our wellbeing and a healthy plane t. Some actions are taken to combat it. C H E C K YO U R P R O G R E S S 104 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d f o u r Summary 1 ●○○ LISTEN and COMPLETE the summary in your notebook. Organise the information 2 ●○○ CoPY and CoMPLETE the concept map about the Universe. THE UNIVERSE which is made up of… is made up of… such as the… such as… … … Earth … … … … Neptune which is home to the galaxies … Way the … … … asteroids … … System Pluto other… …
Apply 3 ●●○ answer in your notebook. What is the Universe? How did it begin? Where is the Earth located? 4 ●●○ Draw the Solar System in your notebook: Draw each planet with its corresponding orbit. Label the planets. Draw the Moon. Draw the asteroid belt. 5 ●●○ Compare. How are these celestial bodies different? How are they similar? planet – dwarf planet star – galaxy asteroid – comet 6 ●●○ copy and complete the table about the movements of the Earth and the Moon. Movement Description Duration the Earth's rotation … … the Earth's revolution … … the Moon's rotation … … the Moon's revolution … … o n e h u n d r e d a n d f i v e · 105 My portfolio CHooSE one task. Save it in your portfolio. 7 ●●● observe the planets. Notice the tilt of their axis of rotation. Then answer the questions. EARTH PLANET X PLANET Y What are summers and winters like on planet X: milder or more extreme than those on Earth? What about on planet Y? Explain. 8 ●●○ explain why lunar cycles begin every 28 days. 9 ●●○ DRAW draw the phases of the moon. 10 ●●● WRITE a short essay on climate change in your notebook. Answer these questions: What is climate change? What are the causes of climate change? What are the impacts of climate change? How can we help to combat climate change? WRITE a slogan to raise awareness among your classmates about the need to take care of our planet. INVENT a quiz game with questions about the Universe and the Solar System. Prepare at least 15 questions. Play with your friends. MAKE a comic to use pictures to illustrate an event in space exploration. My progress 1 1 copy and complete in your notebook. I have learnt that… I want to learn more about… I share women's contributions by… 5
Starting point THINK and DISCUSS. What is a conflict? What are conflicts often about at your school? How do different people react to conflicts? A conflict is a disagreement between... We all have different tastes, opinions and interests, so we do not always get along. Peer mediators are fellow students who identify conflicts and help us to solve them constructively through the use of dialogue. CHALLENGE Set up a pair of peer mediators to solve conflicts in the classroom People respond to conflicts in different ways. CHALLENGE P R O M O T E P E A C E 164 · o n e h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - f o u r
Discover the problem CoPY and CoMPLETE. Which conflicts have you seen or have you been part of at your school? TALK to your classmates and add more examples. PEER MEDIAToRS Names should not be used. BRAINSToRM ways of dealing with conflicts. How do you usually react? Which ways are more constructive or positive? TALK to your classmates. o n e h u n d r e d a n d s i x t y - f i v e · 165 CONFLICTS AT SCHOOL 1. Insults, name-calling 2. Isolating, ignoring, excluding someone 3. Misunderstandings 4. Fights, hitting, shoving 5. Borrowing other people’s possessions without permission 6. Lack of respect, public humiliation 7. … 8. … I give a bit if the other person does too. I give the other person what they want because It makes them happy. I don't like conflicts, so I retreat from the situation. I am right and I use whatever way I can to get what I want. If we all work together, we may all get something that we want.
ed 5 artificial satellite a device that orbits the Earth to collect scientific data or to be used in communications. asteroid a large rock that orbits the Sun, especially in the asteroid belt. astronomer a person who studies space and the Universe. big bang theory the theory that defends that the Universe began as just a single point, then expanded. celestial body an object in space, such as a star, a planet, an asteroid or a comet. climate change the long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns mainly caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases. comet a ball of dust and ice that orbits the Sun. dwarf planet a celestial body smaller than a planet that orbits a star. eclipse an event where one celestial body obscures the light of another. galaxy a group of millions of stars and the celestial bodies that orbit them. global warming the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's air and oceans. greenhouse gas a gas, such as carbon dioxide and methane, that covers the Earth and traps the Sun's heat. lunar eclipse an event where the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon. Milky Way the spiral galaxy where the Solar System is located. Moon the Earth's only natural satellite. Moon phase a change in the Moon's appearance as seen from the Earth. orbit the curved path of a celestial body as it travels around a star. planet a large, spherical celestial body that orbits a star. revolution the movement of the Earth as it revolves around the Sun. rotation the movement of the Earth as it spins on its own axis. solar eclipse an event where the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth. Solar System the Sun and all the planets that orbit it. star an enormous sphere of gas that produces a great deal of light and heat. stargazing the activity of studying the stars. Sun the star that is the centre of the Solar System. tide the regular rise and fall of the sea level due to the Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth. Universe everything that exists in space. It is made up of hundreds of billions of galaxies. K E Y VO C A B U L A RY · We love the Universe WRITE out a definition on a strip of paper. Your partner reads it and guesses the word. Take turns to write and gues s. 280 · t w o h u n d r e d a n d e i g h t y
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