This book is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Editorial department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence. EDITORS Belén Álvarez, Raquel de Andrés, Amalia Grau, Adela Martín, Antonio Pinilla, Virginia R. Mitchell, Heather Sutton, Ros Walford, David Wile ILLUSTRATOR Ángel Svoboda CLIL CONSULTANT Sheila Tourle EDITORIAL MANAGERS Juan Ignacio Medina, Nuria Corredera, María Antonia Oliva PROJECT DIRECTOR Antonio Brandi BILINGUAL PROJECT DIRECTOR Margarita España Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook. 6 P R I M A R Y Natural Science
World MakErs materials: I love learning! Have an open mind. Ask questions and investigate. Be creative. Communicate. Be a critical thinker. Collaborate with others. Show solidarity. Be autonomous.
Finally, at the end of each term, you will take the Challenge and work in teams to achieve the SUSTAINABLE DEVELoPMENT GoALS. Follow the LEARNING PATH to a better world! DISCoVER THE PRoBLEM described in the Learning situation. Observe the world around you and ask yourself lots of questions. What can you do t o make the world a better place? LEARN NEW THINGS to understand the world. Think critic ally, investigate and cooperate with others. S T E P 1 S T E P 2 S T E P 3 S T E P 4 CHECK YoUR PRoGRESS What new things have you learnt? LEARN BY DoING Develop your skills in STEAM lab. Communicate in Language makers. Then Take action to change the world.
What are you going to LEARN? We save natural resources 66 We use minerals to make products such as electronic devices. How can we help to prevent the Earth’s resources from running out? – The spheres of the Earth – The Earth’s surface – Rocks – Minerals – Uses of rocks and minerals 4 We use the internet safely 108 Social networks can facilitate harassment and create addiction. How can we use social media safely? – Using the internet efficiently – Spotting fake news – Internet and social networks – Netiquette and cybersecurity 6 REV I EW 1 AND 2 REV I EW 3 AND 4 REV I EW 5 AND 6 Essential knowledge Learning situation We eat responsibly 6 – The nutrition process – Nutrients and food – Health and food – Food safety – Digestion 1 To be healthy, we need to eat a balanced diet. How can we eat healthily without harming the environment? We look after our body systems 24 – The respiratory system – The blood and the blood vessels – The circulatory system – The excretory system – The health of the organs of nutrition 2 Doing regular exercise and breathing fresh air are healthy habits. What other healthy habits can we have to prevent diseases? We use energy wisely 90 The way we use energy causes some problems, such as polluting the environment. How can we use energy responsibly? – Energy and its properties – Sources of energy – Electricity and its uses – Electric current – Uses of energy 5 We embrace adolescence 48 Adolescence is the stage when we become adults. What values can help us to build our personality? – The reproductive system – Sex cells and fertilisation – Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding – The health of the reproductive system 3 Digital project Improve nutrition Design a leaflet about the risks of alcohol and tobacco CHALLENGE: GOOD HEALTH AND WE L LBE ING CHALLENGE: F IGHT C L IMATE CHANGE Make a display board about climate change and its impacts CHALLENGE: PROMOTE PEAC E Make a video with strategies to manage our emotions KEY VOCABULARY
Science workshop Prepare an index card of a rock Tech workshop Make a video to reduce plastic use Call to action Buy less, buy better Tech workshop Work as a team online Stop cyberbullying Use the internet responsibly STEAM lab Language makers Take action What are you going to DO? Good for the planet Promote sustainable food Science workshop Prepare a healthy menu Tech workshop Make a model of the digestive system Science workshop Take a pulse Tech workshop Recognise a stroke Do we breath polluted air? Prevent diseases with healthy habits Tech workshop Draw and build an electric circuit Become carbon neutral Take steps to reduce your carbon footprint Science workshop Draw the menstrual cycle Tech workshop Do a presentation on leisure time We are all unique Support equal rights
QUICK QUIZ! local products respectful farming What is nutrition? What does a healthy meal consist of ? Think of another question to ask the class. Sustainable food keeps people and our planet healthy. 1 LEARNING SITUATION We eat responsibly To be healthy, we need to eat a balanced diet. This means eating the right amount of different types of food. The foods we eat affect our health. They also impact on the health of the planet, because some food production can damage the environment. How can we eat healthily without harming the environment? 6 · s i x
MY STUDY PLAN Learn The nutrition process Nutrients and food Health and food Food safety Digestion Do STEAM lab Prepare a healthy menu Make a model of the digestive system Language makers Good for the planet Take action Promote sustainable food Check your progress WoRK WITH THE PHoTos Why do you think it is important to buy local products? What can we do to avoid buying packaged products? What do you think respectful farming is? no plastic healthy food It is important because... s e v e n · 7
NUTRITION What is the nutrition process? Nutrition involves the processes that give us the energy and the raw materials we need to be active and to grow. The processes involved in nutrition are digestion, respiration, excretion and circulation. RESPIRATION We take in oxygen from the air. Oxygen is necessary to get energy from nutrients. CIRCULATION Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to all the cells in our body. DIGESTION Food turns into nutrients after digestion. Nutrients are very simple substances. Cells use nutrients to obtain energy and raw materials. EXCRETION We eliminate waste substances by expelling them outside our body. word bank circulation digestion excretion respiration TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Caroline and Megan are the same age. Megan does sport every day and Caroline does not. Do they need the same amount of food? Explain your answer. 8 · e i g h t
1 TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Look at the circulatory system in the image above. Why do you think it covers the whole of the body? Respiration in cells In cellular respiration, nutrients combine with oxygen to produce the energy that the cells need. This process releases carbon dioxide. This gas enters the blood and it leaves the body through the respiratory system. Systems involved in nutrition The nutrition processes take place in different systems in our body. Respiration takes place in the respiratory system. Digestion takes place in the digestive system. Excretion takes place mainly in the urinary system. Circulation takes place in the circulatory system. A C D B cellular respiration EXPLAIN what nutrients are. 2 ●○○ MAKE a list of the processes that nutrition involves. 3 ●○○ ANSWER. Which system is responsible for each process in nutrition? COPY the diagram of the cell in your notebook. MATCH the letters to these words. 1 ●●○ 4 ●●○ energy oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients n i n e · 9
What is the difference between nutrients and food? Types of nutrients Food contains different nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. word bank carbohydrates fats minerals proteins vitamins water Fats Fats provide the body with greater energy than carbohydrates. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy. Sugars are a type of carbohydrate that tastes sweet. Proteins Proteins are necessary to grow and repair tissues. They can be of plant origin, such as pulses, or animal origin, such as fish. Vitamins and minerals Vitamins and minerals regulate many processes so that the body works properly. Water Water is the main substance in our body. Water helps to carry nutrients to the cells and to eliminate waste. Many foods, such as fruit and vegetables, contain water. potatoes oil pulses fruit fruit dairy fish seeds pulses nuts nuts eggs chicken pulses vegetables cereals eggs fish bread 10 · t e n
1 5 ●○○ EXPLAIN what types of nutrients lentils, carrots and potatoes contain. 6 ●○○ CLASSIFY the lentils, carrots and potatoes as energy food, regulating food or building food. Energy foods They provide energy. They contain fats and carbohydrates. Regulating foods They regulate processes. They contain vitamins and minerals. Types of foods Foods can be classified according to their function in the body as foods for energy, for regulating and for building. Fibre in foods Fruit, vegetables, pulses and nuts contain fibre. Wholegrain cereals also contain fibre. Our body cannot absorb fibre and it is eliminated. Fibre helps digestion and the elimination of faeces. It also helps us to avoid certain diseases and to maintain a healthy weight. TH I N K AB0UT IT ! The foods in the photo are not healthy. Give examples of foods that contain: too much sugar too much fat too much salt Body-building foods They help to grow and repair tissues. They contain proteins. e l e v e n · 11
What is the relationship between health and food? Doing physical exercise is essential for staying healthy. Use vegetable oils, such as olive oil, corn oil or sunflower oil. Half of the plate contains vegetables and fruit of all colours. It is better to eat whole pieces of fruit rather than fruit juices. A quarter of the plate contains wholegrain foods. TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Imagine you eat only one type of food every day. Is your diet healthy? Explain why. Eating a balanced diet with a variety of healthy foods helps us to be healthy and protects us from certain diseases. Healthy eating The amount and type of foods we should eat depends on the age, body size, physical activity and health of each person. The Harvard healthy eating plate is a guide to eating well. It shows the proportions and the types of foods we should eat every day. A quarter of the plate contains proteins. It is better to eat fish, or protein of plant origin such as pulses. word bank Harvard's plate Mediterranean diet sustainable food Make water your drink of choice. Harvard's plate 12 · t w e l v e
1 The Mediterranean diet Diet is the combination of foods that we usually eat every day. The Mediterranean diet is one of the healthiest diets. It is a common diet in countries close to the Mediterranean. This diet consists of: Healthy and sustainable food The type and amount of foods we eat also affects the health of the planet. Producing foods of animal origin creates more greenhouse gases than producing foods of plant origin. Farming that is not controlled causes problems such as deforestation and pollution. For these reasons, we need to eat responsibly and think about how the production of food affects the environment. Olive oil. Fresh and seasonal foods. Lots of foods of plant origin, such as pulses, wholegrain foods, nuts, vegetables and fruits. Fish, chicken, dairy products and eggs in moderation. Very little red meat. No processed foods. 7 ●○○ MAKE a list in pairs of foods that a healthy diet contains. 8 ●○○ LISTEN and answer. Which proteins are healthier, plant or animal proteins? List three foods with protein of plant origin. WRITE a definition of diet. EXPLAIN how food can affect the environment. 9 ●●○ 10 ●●● Enjoying the food and the company. "Energy drinks improve physical activity, reduce tiredness and stimulate the brain." Is this statement true or false? Are energy drinks good or bad for your health? Are there healthy energy drinks? Tru e or F a l s e I think energy drinks are… t h i r t e e n · 13
What is food safety? Foods that contain microorganisms can cause diseases. Food safety is making sure that foods do not contain these microorganisms. Food hygiene It is important to follow certain basic hygiene rules when we handle food at home. word bank hygiene labels preservation food safety Food preservation Badly stored foods can easily become contaminated. There are different food preservation methods: Wash your hands well before touching or eating food. Clean surfaces and kitchen equipment we want to use. Wash fruit and vegetables well before eating or cooking them. Cold Keeping food cold prevents microorganisms from growing. Add substances Adding salt, vinegar or sugar to some foods makes them last longer. Heat High temperatures kill microorganisms. For example, when preparing foods to put into jars. Dehydration Removing water from some foods helps to make them last longer. 14 · f o u r t e e n
1 TUNA in olive oil Ingredients: Tuna, olive oil, salt. Nutritional information per 100 g of product: Energy value 413 kcal. Fat 37 g, of which saturated 6.1 g. Carbohydrates 0 g, of which sugars 0 g. Protein 20 g. Salt 0.5 g. Once opened, cover with oil and keep in the fridge for up to 7 days. Manufactured by: Conservas La Mar Salada, S.A, Spain. Best before: 01.06.2032 L12J19 26519-5 Food labels Labels give us information about products. This helps us to choose the most suitable and safest product. All labels must include certain information. Use-by date means that it is safe to eat this product until this date, but not after it. Best-before date means that after this date the product may not taste as good, but it is still safe to eat. Name Storage instructions Country of origin Ingredients and possible allergens The batch code contains letters or numbers that identify the product. Nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals Weight Manufacturer INVESTIGATE Look at the tin. Find out what EXP means. B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! Net weight: 400 g Country of origin: Spain. 1 1 ●○○ WRITE a definition of food safety. 12 ●○○ NAME three preservation methods to ensure that food is not contaminated. Explain what each method consists of. 13 ●○○ EXPLAIN why do we keep cooked foods in the fridge? INVESTIGATE what pasteurisation means. 14 ●●● f i f t e e n · 15
ACCESSORY GLANDS The pancreas produces pancreatic juice. The liver produces bile. The salivary glands produce saliva. The pharynx is at the back of the mouth. The mouth contains the teeth and the tongue. The oesophagus connects the pharynx to the stomach. The stomach connects the oesophagus to the small intestine. The small intestine is a long, thin tube that is tightly folded. The large intestine connects to the outside of the body via the anus. What is digestion? TH I N K AB0UT IT ! Can we live without accessory glands? Explain your answer. word bank accessory glands digestion digestive system digestive tract The digestive system turns food into nutrients through the process of digestion. The organs of the digestive system The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and the accessory glands. The digestive tract is a very long tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The accessory glands produce substances that help to break down food. DIGESTIVE TRACT 16 · s i x t e e n
1 The process of digestion The stages of the digestion process are digestion, absorption and elimination of waste. Digestion. Food breaks down into its nutrients. In the mouth the food is chewed. The teeth, tongue and saliva turn the food into a bolus. The bolus passes into the pharynx, then into the oesophagus and finally into the stomach. In the stomach, gastric juices turn the bolus into chyme. The chyme passes into the small intestine. In the small intestine, intestinal juice, bile and pancreatic juice turn the chyme into chyle. The chyle is made up of nutrients and food remains that are not digested. Absorption. Nutrients pass through the walls of the small intestine and enter the blood. Elimination of waste. Food that is not digested is expelled outside the body. Faeces form in the large intestine. They leave the body through the anus. 1 2 3 investigate Find out more information about saliva. What is saliva? What is it made of ? What is its function? B e a Sc i e nt i s t ! 15 ●○○ WRITE down where these processes take place in the digestive tract. Chyme formation Chyle formation Absorption of nutrients DESCRIBE the path an apple follows from the moment it enters the mouth. Saliva is made of… 16 ●●○ s e v e n t e e n · 17
P R E PA R E A H E A LT H Y M E N U STEAM LAB SCIENCE W0RKSH0P 18 · e i g h t e e n Design the menu MAKE a table like this one with a healthy menu for the weekend. Add illustrations. Saturday Sunday Breakfast … … Morning snack … … Lunch … … Afternoon snack … … Dinner … … look at the Harvard healthy eating plate to help you to decide the different types of food for the five meals. Remember that the plate is a suggestion of the healthy food you should eat during a whole day. Don't forget to include drinks. REMEMBER to include at least five portions of fruit and vegetables of different colours every day. Variety is important because just one type of fruit or vegetable will not provide all the necessary daily nutrients. find out which fruit and vegetables are now in season in your area. Choosing them is better for the environment. PLAN to include several types of food in each meal. Include wholegrain cereals and wholegrain pasta. Remember that pulses are a healthy source of protein. Compare and share your menu CoMPARE your menu with your partner's menu. Are they healthy? Let's make a healthy menu for the weekend based on Harvard's healthy eating plate.
n i n e t e e n · 19 M A K E A M O D E L O F T H E D I G E S T I V E SY S T E M STEAM LAB TECH W0RKSH0P Make a model of the digestive system to better understand where the main organs are and how the digestion process happens. Design and build the model form groups of two to four. look at the diagram of the digestive system in this unit and the model on the right. DESIGN your model. You can draw a sketch. MAKE a list of materials that you need. You can also use modelling clay, fabric, coloured card, cardboard, etc. Use recycled materials if possible to contribute to protecting the environment. The whole group can participate in collecting the materials. build the model. Assign tasks to each group member. You can add labels to identify each part of the digestive tract and for the accessory glands. Share your model PRESENT your model to the class. Explain the digestion process from the mouth to the anus. Write a script to help you give the presentation. Make sure the whole group participates in the presentation. You need tubes bottles glue adhesive tape scissors mouth pharynx liver oesophagus stomach pancreas small intestine large intestine anus 1
20 · t w e n t y LANGUAGE MAKERS G O O D F O R T H E P L A N E T CAN WE EAT ORANGES ALL YEAR LONG? Different foods grow at different times of the year. Some fruits grow in summer, others in winter. For example, in summer oranges do not grow in Spain. In summer the oranges we can buy in shops come from other countries. They travel a very long way to get here and this is bad for the environment. Transporting them long distances produces lots of emissions. One way to eat responsibly is to buy seasonal food that grows at that time of the year. We can also buy food from our local area. Seasonal and local foods are good for the planet. We are all responsible and we can all reduce our impact on the environment. Eat healthily and eat sustainably! Let's speak! DISCUSS with your classmates. Does your family usually buy local foods? Who else wins if we buy foods that grow in our local area? Do you think we need to change the way we eat? Why? Let's read! READ about the benefits of buying local and seasonal foods. ANSWER the questions. When is it best to buy oranges in Spain? Why is it good for the environment to buy local and seasonal foods? Let's write! INVESTIGATE. Write in your notebook a short text about what seasonal and local foods you can find in your area. I think that…
P R O M O T E S U S TA I N A B L E F O O D TAKE ACTI0N t w e n t y - o n e · 21 1 ANALYSE the results of your interview. WRITE a short report. What can you improve to be more sustainable? Compare your report with those of the rest of the class. INVESTIGATE. Find out how to buy and consume foods in a responsible way. MAKE a poster to promote sustainable food. Include all the measures you have found. You can add photos, drawings and a catchy slogan. SHARE your poster with other students and with your family. You can place it in the corridor of your school. You can hang it in the kitchen at home. By promoting sustainable food we can take care of our health and the health of the planet. Some of the measures we can adopt are: buying fresh and local products, eating more fruit and vegetables, avoiding packaged foods and reducing food waste. Do a survey. Ask your classmates about their eating and consumer habits. Ask these questions: How many pieces of fruit do you eat every day? Do you eat vegetables every day? How many days a week do you eat processed meat? Do you recycle food packaging? What do you do with leftover food? If you are going to buy something, do you look at the label to see if it is local?
22 · t w e n t y - t w o C H E C K YO U R P R O G R E S S Organise the information 2 ●○○ CoPY and CoMPLETE the concept map about how nutrition works. … … … … takes place in… takes place in… takes place in… takes place in… Food turns… We take in… Blood carries… We eliminate… Processes involved in nutrition Summary 1 ●○○ LISTEN and CoMPLETE the summary. • The processes involved in nutrition are digestion, …, … and excretion. • The systems involved in nutrition are the digestive, the respiratory, the … and the … systems. • The nutrients that foods contain are …, fats, proteins, …, minerals and water. • Foods are classified for …, for regulating and for building. • Food safety prevents foods becoming contaminated by …. • The digestive system is made up of the … and the accessory glands. • The stages of the digestion process are …, … and the elimination of waste.
t w e n t y - t h r e e · 23 Apply 3 ●●○ explain the difference between nutrients and food. CoMPLETe the diagram about nutrients and their function in your notebook. Give examples of some foods that contain them. … … … … … … … … … … 5 ●○○ write the stages of the digestion process in order in your notebook. EXPlain where each stage takes place in the body. DEFINE these words in your notebook: 7 ●○○ choose the tips that are good for a healthy diet. Eat wholegrain bread, pasta and rice. Eat highly processed products frequently. Drink water instead of soft drinks. Eat a lot of eggs a week. Add sugar to foods. Eat foods that contain proteins of plant origin, such as pulses. Eat lots of fruit and vegetables. Use animal fats for cooking. 8 ●●○ write the main function of the foods in a meal consisting of pasta with tuna and tomato. 9 ●○○ EXPlain the hygiene rules you should follow if you are going to prepare a salad with lettuce, carrots and tomato. My portfolio WRITE a story to encourage young children to eat vegetables. DESIGN a collage to represent the Harvard healthy eating plate. INVESTIGATE what the letters UHT mean on some milk cartons. Prepare a presentation. CH00SE one task. Save it in your portfolio. My progress 10 CoPY and CoMPLETE in your notebook. I have learnt that… I want to learn more about… I can help to improve the health of the planet by… stomach liver pancreas pharynx oesophagus small intestine 6 ●●○ 4 ●●○ Nutrients 1
Test time! CHooSE the correct answers and write them in your notebook. Unit 1. We eat responsibly 1. During digestion… a) we breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. b) blood transports nutrients. c) food turns into nutrients. 2. The nutrients needed to grow and repair tissues are called… a) proteins. b) carbohydrates. c) vitamins. 3. A healthy meal must contain lots of… a) proteins of animal origin. b) carbohydrates. c) fruit and vegetables. 4. The accessory glands in digestion… a) eliminate waste substances. b) produce substances that help to break down food. c) are ducts that food passes through. 5. The absorption of nutrients into the blood takes place in… a) the stomach. b) the small intestine. c) the large intestine. Unit 2. We look after our body systems 6. The order of the respiratory tract is… a) nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, trachea. b) nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi. c) nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi. 7. The gas exchange between the lungs and the blood takes place in… a) the alveoli. b) the nose. c) the trachea. 8. The blood cells that transport oxygen are… a) the white cells. b) the red cells. c) the platelets. 9. The blood vessels that leave the ventricles of the heart are the… a) arteries. b) veins. c) capillaries. 10. Urine is formed in… a) the ureters. b) the urethra. c) the kidneys. R E V I E W 1 A N D 2 42 · f o r t y - t w o
Play time! PLAY the game. Step 1. Flip a coin. Step 2. Answer the questions. You need a coin Heads Move 2 spaces. T ails Move 1 space. What nutrient does olive oil contain? What are the organs responsible for breathing called? Why do you have to wash your hands before eating? What waste substance do we eliminate when we sweat? What function do foods rich in vitamins have? What are the blood cells called? What is the function of bile? Why is taking drugs dangerous? STA R T F I N I S H 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 f o r t y - t h r e e · 43
Starting point read these facts. Which one surprises you the most? Tell your partner. Tobacco and alcohol are drugs that cause addiction and health problems. We all need to be aware of the risks, say no to these drugs and convince others to say no. CHALLENGE Design a leaflet about the risks of tobacco and alcohol CHALLENGE G O O D H E A LT H A N D W E L L B E I N G Every year in the world more than 8 million people die from diseases associated with smoking. Only 22.5 % of students in Spain between 14 and 18 believe they are well informed about drugs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people a year worldwide. The main cause is smoking. Alcohol is responsible for 3 million deaths a year and more than 200 different diseases. Nearly 50 % of all fatal car accidents in Spain are related to alcohol consumption. 44 · f o r t y - f o u r
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