With the STUDY NOTES you can revise the key concepts of each unit and check your progress. C O N C E P T M A P > Copy and complete the concept map. it is everything that occupies … and has mass … : has defined boundaries … : depend on the size. Example: mass intensive: do not depend on the … . Example: density property of matter that can be … MEASUREMENT quantity International System of Units (SI) defines the … for units material system: has no … … amount of a quantity used as a reference MATTER PROPERTIES OF MATTER quantitative: described with a number and a … . Example: mass … : described with words. Example: colour … : they can have any value. Example: mass specific: they help us to … matter. Example: density specific properties density: d = m / V melting point … solubility in water … hardness MEASURING INSTRUMENTS direct measurement … measurement length: ruler … : scales volume: graduated … … : stopwatch temperature: … surface area density length: metre (…) … : kilogram (kg) time: … (s ) conversion … converting units 7 1 Aplicaciones de la nanotecnología Applications of nanotechnology Nanotechnol ogy Nanotechnology is the branch of technology in which materials and structures have dimensions that are measured in nanometres. It has applications in physics, chemistr y and biology. Electronics Carbon nanotubes are close to replacing silicon as a material for making smaller, faster and more ef ficient microchips and devices. They are also used to make lighter, stronger and more conductive quantum nanowires. The properties of graphene make it an ideal candidate for the development of f lexible touchscreens. Biomedicine The properties of some nanomaterials make them ideal for improving early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. They can attack cancer cells selectively without harming other healthy cells. Some nanoparticles have also been used to improve pharmaceutical products such as sunscreen . Environment Some of the environmentallyfriendly applications of nanotechnology are air purification with ions, wastewater purification with nanobubbles, and nanofiltration systems for heavy metals. Nanocatalysts are also available to make chemical reactions more ef ficient and less polluting. Textiles Nanotechnology makes it possible to develop smart fabrics that do not stain or wrinkle. It also produces stronger, lighter and more durable materials to make motorcycle helmets or sports equipment. Food In this field , nanobiosensors could be used to detect the presence of pathogens in food . Nanocomposites could improve food production by increasing mechanical and thermal resistance and decreasing oxygen transfer in packaged products. Energy A new semiconductor developed by Kyoto University ( Japan) makes it possible to manufacture solar panels that double the amount of sunlight converted into electricity. Nanotechnology lowers costs, produces stronger and lighter wind turbines, and improves fuel efficiency. It can also save energy, thanks to the thermal insulation of some nanocomponents. www.iberdrola .com (Adapted) 12 FINAL ACTIVITIES 5 Study the information and apply your essential knowledge to different contexts and situations. Do the activities in the ORGANISE YOUR IDEAS and CHECK YOUR PROGRESS sections. Critical thinking. Analyse a news article and answer the questions that will help you to think about and show your reasoning. Make connections between Physics and Chemistry and other subject areas to help you understand the world you live in. Complete the challenge and tell other people what you have achieved. Share the results with the people around you. In this way, you are contributing to the construction of a better world for everyone. 58 S C I E N C E A N D A R T. Have you ever wondered how the metal sculptures we see in museums, squares and buildings are made? The lost-wax casting technique is used. It can be applied to sculptures, jewellery or metallic pieces. This technique follows these steps: 1. A prototype is made in a soft material. It can be made directly or by using a 3-D design program. 2. A mould of the prototype is made. This will be the negative of the piece. Traditionally, a plaster mould was made. Nowadays, it can be made with a 3-D printer, in plastic or silicone. The mould can be used repeatedly to make identical pieces. 3. The mould is filled with wax. 4. The wax object is covered with a heat-resistant paste and left to set. 5. The wax is replaced with molten metal. 6. Finally, when it has cooled, the mould is broken to reveal the metal sculpture. Unwanted extra bits are then removed and the piece is polished. a) In this process, there are two materials that change state. What are they? What change do they go through? b) Find out the temperature at which these changes of state occur and explain the difference between them. c) To make the cast (model) of the sculpture, a mixture of water and plaster is used. This is then left to solidify. Is this a physical change of state? How do you know? 59 When you take a shower, especially in winter, the glass or mirrors in the bathroom steam up. Why does this happen? Copy the correct statements in your notebook. The hot water from the shower produces steam, which condenses when it touches the cold surface of the mirror. The change of state that occurs on the surface of the mirror is evaporation. The change of state that occurs on the surface of the mirror is condensation. For the steam to condense, the surface of the mirror must be at a lower temperature than the steam. For the steam to condense, the surface of the mirror must be at a higher temperature than the steam. 60 When gently heating chocolate, we observe that: It starts to melt at 28 ºC and it is completely melted at 50 ºC. The temperature has continuously increased. Analyse the experiment and answer. a) Does chocolate have a specific melting point? b) Is chocolate a pure substance? c) Some adverts for chocolates say "they melt in your mouth". Interpret this expression. 61 In your notebook, match the explanations of the states of water to the meteorological phenomena they produce. Frozen water drops that increase in size and fall under their own weight. Snow When it is very wet and cold, water condenses or solidifies. Respiration vapour The condensation of the air expelled by living things. Hail The water in clouds freezes and small ice crystals fall. Contrails The condensation of water in the atmosphere that forms drops. Dew and frost The crystallisation of water vapour coming out of a plane's engines. Clouds c h e c k yo u r p r o g r e s s 1 2 54 53 This graph shows the cooling of a gas in a closed tube. T (°C) 100 80 50 0 t (min) 30 20 10 0 In your notebook, indicate which of these statements is false. a) After 8 min, all the gas has turned into liquid. b) After 5 min, there is only gas in the tube. c) When the tube has cooled to 50 °C, there is only liquid inside. If we let the tube reach 0 °C and then heat it again, at what temperature will the liquid inside boil? 54 The steam that a pan of boiling water produces is at 100 °C. However, the steam that the hot water in a shower produces is not at 100 °C. How is this possible? Indicate the correct answer. Because the change in the hot shower water from a liquid to a gas is not an example of boiling, but evaporation. Because the steam the hot water produces has not yet changed state. Because the water in the shower is not a pure substance and its boiling point is much lower. 55 Indicate in your notebook in which of these cases the clothes will dry soonest. Explain your answer. 56 Read the news article and answer the questions. Misting systems: the miraculous mist keeps your home cool In hot weather, there is nothing better than water for reducing the temperature. It is clear and simple. When temperatures start to rise, using misting systems is the best way to enjoy outdoor plans. They are similar to a watering system, spraying water in ver y fine drops. When these drops come into contact with the air, they evaporate quickly, absorbing the heat in the atmosphere. They can lower the temperature by up to 10 °C. elmundo.es (Adapted) a) Explain how a misting system works. What is the vapour it produces? b) Indicate the highest temperature reached in your region in summer. At that temperature, does water evaporate or boil? Explain your answer. c) When water changes from a liquid to a gas, does it absorb or release heat? d) Why does the atmosphere cool when the sprayed water evaporates? e) Can we obtain the same effect by placing a bowl of water near us? Why? f ) Indicate in which other places it would be useful to use misting systems to lower the temperature. 57 One of the serious problems that Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 is trying to prevent is the melting of the poles and glaciers. Studies show that the temperature of the oceans has increased in recent years. a) How does the temperature of the oceans affect the melting of ice? What change of state occurs? b) What consequences do you think melting ice can have? c) Research the preventative measures proposed in the SDGs. Write ten recommendations to put up in the classroom. 2 A B C D 53 62 Rime ice is a phenomenon that occurs when there are fog banks, high winds and the temperature is very low. Something similar to what is shown in the photo can form. Compare it with frost and explain: a) What change of state occurs in each case? b) Which of these phenomena can appear on the upper part of trees? Why? c) Why doesn't frost form large horizontal ice needles? 63 Read the news article and answer the questions. "Alarming" rain recorded for the first time at one of Greenland's highest points No one knows when it last rained in this remote part of the Earth . At the Summit of Greenland, at an altitude of 3 216 metres and with temperatures below freezing (almost) all the time, there is a research station . Engineer Zoe Cour ville told The Washington Post that on 14th August 2021 "it rained all day". At one point, the thermometer read 0.48 °C. It is the fourth time in the last 25 years that the temperature has been above freezing. BBC News Mundo (Adapted) a) Review the text and explain why the rain at the Summit of Greenland was such important news. b) Does it always rain when the temperature of the atmosphere rises above 0 °C? Explain your answer. c) The image shows the amount of ice in Antarctica on 13th September 2020. How did it change between the period 1981-2010 and 2020? What do you think caused this change? Explain your answer. d) One consequence of the melting ice at the poles is the rising sea level. Use your knowledge of the properties of water in solid and liquid states to explain this fact. 2 SOS video: the Earth's ice is melting Work as a class to write a script for your documentary. Explain, using scientific knowledge, why we need to prevent the ice on our planet from melting. Collect images to support different parts of the script. You can include opinions from scientists or experts. Draw diagrams to explain what is happening. Design the labels and sound. You can narrate it or use images with background sound. Share your documentary on social media. Collect feedback from viewers. Design an advert to promote it. Doing this challenge, you have learnt about the states of matter and their characteristics. You also now know why matter changes state and how this relates to the climate. 2020 Average ice boundary between 1981 and 2010 W E L L D O N E ! CHALLENGE 55 In addition, there is helpful support material available: You can consult the PERIODIC TABLE at the end of the book. A notebook with INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCE helps you to understand the importance of science in our society. THE CHALLENGE 6 Periodic table of elements Annex 2 GROUP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 PERIOD 1 1.008 1 H Hydrogen 4.003 2 He Helium 2 6.94 3 Li Lithium 9.012 4 Be Beryllium 10.81 5 B Boron 12.01 6 C Carbon 14.01 7 N Nitrogen 16.00 8 O Oxygen 19.00 9 F Fluorine 20.18 10 Ne Neon 3 22.99 11 Na Sodium 24.31 12 Mg Magnesium 26.98 13 Al Aluminium 28.09 14 Si Silicon 30.97 15 P Phosphorous 32.06 16 S Sulphur 35.45 17 Cl Chlorine 39.95 18 Ar Argon 4 39.10 19 K Potassium 40.08 20 Ca Calcium 44.96 21 Sc Scandium 47.87 22 Ti Titanium 50.94 23 V Vanadium 52.00 24 Cr Chromium 54.94 25 Mn Manganese 55.85 26 Fe Iron 58.93 27 Co Cobalt 58.69 28 Ni Nickel 63.55 29 Cu Copper 65.38 30 Zn Zinc 69.72 31 Ga Gallium 72.63 32 Ge Germanium 74.92 33 As Arsenic 78.97 34 Se Selenium 79.90 35 Br Bromine 83.80 36 Kr Krypton 5 85.47 37 Rb Rubidium 87.62 38 Sr Strontium 88.91 39 Y Yttrium 91.22 40 Zr Zirconium 92.91 41 Nb Niobium 95.95 42 Mo Molybdenum ( 97) 43 Tc Technetium 101.1 44 Ru Ruthenium 102.9 45 Rh Rhodium 106.4 46 Pd Palladium 107.9 47 Ag Silver 112.4 48 Cd Cadmium 114.8 49 In Indium 118.7 50 Sn Tin 121.8 51 Sb Antimony 127.6 52 Te Tellurium 126.9 53 I Iodine 131.3 54 Xe Xenon 6 132.9 55 Cs Caesium 137.3 56 Ba Barium 57-71 Lanthanoids 178.5 72 Hf Hafnium 180.9 73 Ta Tantalum 183.8 74 W Tungsten 186.2 75 Re Rhenium 190.2 76 Os Osmium 192.2 77 Ir Iridium 195.1 78 Pt Platinum 197.0 79 Au Gold 200.6 80 Hg Mercury 204.4 81 Tl Thallium 207.2 82 Pb Lead 209.0 83 Bi Bismuth (209) 84 Po Polonium (210) 85 At Astatine (222) 86 Rn Radon 7 (223) 87 Fr Francium (226) 88 Ra Radium 89-103 Actinoids (267) 104 Rf Rutherfordium (270) 105 Db Dubnium (269) 106 Sg Seaborgium (270) 107 Bh Bohrium (269) 108 Hs Hassium (278) 109 Mt Meitnerium (281) 110 Ds Darmstadtium (281) 111 Rg Roentgenium (286) 112 Cn Copernicium (284) 113 Nh Nihonium (285) 114 Fl Flerovium (289) 115 Mc Moscovium (293) 116 Lv Livermorium (293) 117 Ts Tennessine (294) 118 Og Oganesson 40.08 20 Ca Calcium Atomic mass (u) Symbol (synthetic elements, such as Tc, are represented by white letters) Name Atomic number Although it is on the left-hand side of the periodic table, hydrogen is not a metal. METALLOIDS NONMETALS METALS NOBLE GASES 6 138.9 57 La Lanthanum 140.1 58 Ce Cerium 140.9 59 Pr Praseodymium 144.2 60 Nd Neodymium (145) 61 Pm Promethium 150.4 62 Sm Samarium 152.0 63 Eu Europium 157.3 64 Gd Gadolinium 158.9 65 Tb Terbium 162.5 66 Dy Dysprosium 164.9 67 Ho Holmium 167.3 68 Er Erbium 168.9 69 Tm Thulium 173.0 70 Yb Ytterbium 175.0 71 Lu Lutetium 7 (227) 89 Ac Actinium 232.0 90 Th Thorium 231.0 91 Pa Protactinium 238.0 92 U Uranium (237) 93 Np Neptunium (244) 94 Pu Plutonium (243) 95 Am Americium (247) 96 Cm Curium (247) 97 Bk Berkelium (251) 98 Cf Californium (252) 99 Es Einstenium (257) 100 Fm Fermium (258) 101 Md Mendelevium (259) 102 No Nobelium (262) 103 Lr Lawrencium Lanthanoids Actinoids 303 302
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