Education is a long road that lasts a lifetime. Follow the WORLD MAKERS learning path to create a more equal, fair and sustainable world. Learning path 2 Draw a timeline like the one below. Write the main milestones of the Portuguese expeditions in blue, and the expeditions of Castilla in red. 3 Look at this map from 1502. Which territories can you see? Compare it with a modern-day map. Which continents were best known in 1502? How would you explain this map to a 16th-century European? A P P LY Y O U R K N O W L E D G E O R G A N I S E Y O U R I D E A S 1 Summarise the key points from the unit. Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. C H E C K Y O U R P R O G R E S S … … Causes A per i od of expl orat i on for example such as Por tuguese mi ss i on The expedi t i ons of Cast i l l a … Business mindset Colón's mission The MagallanesElcano mission … … … … … compass … … Causes Milestones Leading figures … … … … … Consequences Consequences Aim Aim … 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 274321_09_p018_h01_linea_muda_exploraciones 256 4 Explain. Why were there so many voyages and expeditions at the beginning of the Modern Age? Were these for economic reasons only? Why did cartography develop in the early 16th century? 5 Read and analyse the text. Your Royal Highness will know that 18 crew have arrived on one of Captain Fernando Magallanes' 5 ships you sent to look for spices. But, your Royal Highness will not yet know our most important discover y. We have discovered that the world is round . We know this because we went west and returned from the east. On board the Nao Victoria in Sanlúcar, 6th September 1522. Ser vant of His Royal Highness, Captain Juan Sebastián Elcano (Adapted) Who signed this letter? Who else is mentioned in the text? What do you know about them? Is the year 1522 significant? Why? What is the main subject of the letter? Are there any other secondary ideas? What are the historical consequences of the event mentioned in the letter? How important was it? 8 Look at the photo. Think and answer the questions: Which peoples built Machu Picchu? Describe their way of life. What is the landscape like around Machu Picchu? Where do you think they found the stone to build it? Do you think construction was easy? Why? In 1983, Machu Picchu became a World Heritage Site. Why do you think it has this status? 9 Design a map of the main pre-Columbian peoples. Draw a map of the Americas and mark the borders of the present-day countries. Colour the territories where the Mayan, Aztec and Inca peoples lived. Write the names of other indigenous peoples. 5 W H A T D I D I L E A R N ? Remember and compare. What did you know about early modern exploration voyages before studying this unit? What have you learnt? Write down some key words you think are essential to understanding this topic. Explain your choices. Think about what you have studied in the unit. Has anything surprised you? Explain your answer. Evaluate the activities you did in pairs or in groups. Did you work well together? What aspects did you enjoy the most? 6 THOUGHT-PROVOKING QUESTIONS Choose the aspects of the unit you found most interesting. Write five questions about them using the following prompts: – What would happen if... ? - What happened after... ? - Why did... ? - What was ... like? - Who was... ? 7 Ask your partner the questions you have prepared. Discuss their answers. 30. The Inca ruins of Machu Picchu (Peru), built in around 1400 at an altitude of over 2,400 metres 257 Investigate Describe the buildings in Tikal. What aspects of the city stand out? Look for Tikal on Google Maps and activate the satellite view. What is the surrounding vegetation like? What is the climate like in this part of the Americas? Why were the reservoirs necessary? Find out about the ball games and their symbolism. DISCUSS Find information about Tikal's decline. Which reason do you think is most likely? HERITAGE Tikal was declared a World Heritage Site in 1979. What does having this status mean? E X P L O R E Tikal, the magnificent Mayan city Tikal was founded in around 800 BC, in the middle of the rainforest, in present-day Guatemala . It was one of the main Mayan cities and one of the most spectacular. It was home to around 60,000 inhabitants at its peak. (28) In the 9th centur y AD, the Mayan centre of power moved north , and Tikal and other cities in the region became less important. This was the beginning of Tikal 's decline. The city had palaces for the rulers and nobility. There were also centres for astronomy, temples connected by walkways that linked all the different parts of the city, and squares, which ser ved as meeting places. The temples were ver y tall . They were pyramid-shaped and had stepped terraces. (29) A wide central staircase led to the top. In many temples, tombs have been found with objects made of materials such as pearls, jade and shells. People also played ball games in Tikal . In these areas competitions with religious significance were held . There were also blocks of basic huts for the peasantr y. Tikal had a hydraulic system that supplied water to its inhabitants. In the rainy months, rain fell into reser voirs or pools, which were depressions in the land built to collect water. Then , the water was purified using sand filters, before being distributed around the city. 27. Jade mask found in Tikal 28. Recreation of the central area of Tikal B A 254 A. Temple V F. The Temple of Masks B. South Acropolis G. The Temple of the Great Jaguar C. The Lost World H. Ball Court D. Temple IV I. Palaces E. The Palace of the Windows J. Walkway G I D E J C 29. The Temple of the Great Jaguar H F 1 ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 2 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 Think about a real or imaginary situation from daily life with the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS in mind, in order to begin the learning process. Contribute to the achievement of one or several of the targets by doing the challenge. Take the Challenge! Go further and investigate. EXPLORE cases, characters and other interesting aspects that will expand your knowledge of the world. To do this, look for reliable information, organise it carefully and draw your conclusions. WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNT? Evaluate: think about what you have learnt and how you constructed your knowledge. Organise your ideas and apply your knowledge to different contexts and situations in the CHECK YOUR PROGRESS activities. Think, make connections and communicate critically by doing the ACTIVITIES throughout the book. Work like a specialist. With the help of the BE A GEOGRAPHER and BE A HISTORIAN sections you can practise what you learn. Exercise your mind. Practise THINKING TECHNIQUES that will enhance your powers of reflection and thinking. Use the KEY QUESTIONS to review and ensure you have understood the content. Acquire essential knowledge from the clearly explained content and strong visual language: drawings, maps, timelines, etc. LEARNING SITUATION The beginning of the Modern Age. The desire to explore 5 Curiosity has always contributed to human sur vival , as it has driven us to learn . At the end of the 15th centur y, this curiosity led Europe into a golden age of travel and exploration . These explorations would never have reached such magnitude without a series of important developments over many dif ferent fields. Among these developments were technological advances. Scientific and technical advances gave a major impulse to navigation . Some voyages achieved their goals and some did not, but they changed the image of the world and its population . L E T ' S G E T S TA R T E D Look at the two maps of the world. How are they different? How do they compare with a modern-day map? Which territories were explored in the Modern Age? Which means of transport were used? What do we explore today? What technology is used? What role has technological development played in our knowledge of the world? Why have human beings always had the desire to explore? A Portuguese trading ship in the east L E A R N I N G S I T UAT I O N 240 Is technology at the centre of development and knowledge? Innovation and technology are key for development and human wellbeing. You will create an exhibition about technological advances of the Modern Age to show their contribution to our knowledge of the world . I N T H I S U N I T. . . You will understand why geographical exploration was possible in the early Modern Age and how it developed. You will learn how pre-Columbian peoples lived. You will take action. You will create a presentation that explains the technological advances that made exploration possible. 1519-1522 Magallanes and Elcano's expedition. The first voyage around the world. 1513 Nuñez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. 1911 Roald Amundsen's arrival at the South Pole. 1769 James Cook demonstrates that New Zealand is a remote island. 1728 Vitus Bering crosses the Arctic Ocean. The world in the 16th century The world at the end of the 15th century 1492 Cristóbal Colón's arrival in America. 1864 Lucy Walker climbs the Alps. 1953 Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reach the summit of Everest. The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars. The Parker Solar Probe travels around the Sun. 1969 1997 2018 Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins reach the moon. CHALLE NGE 241 4. The expeditions of Castilla WORK WITH THE IMAGE Find the American territories Colón reached on his first voyage on the map. Using an Atlas, write the countries they belong to today. Describe Magallanes and Elcano's route. 14. Cristóbal Colón meets the Reyes Católicos. Find out about the person using reliable sources, such as the online dictionary from the Real Academia de la Historia. Check the facts. Select the more important aspects of their life. Organise the information and present it in an appropriate way, orally or in writing. How to do it Choose a historical figure from the unit and look for information about their life. Compare information from different sources. Put the information in chronological order. Imagine you are this person. Tell your group who you are and why you are famous. Your turn Create a biography of a historical figure A biography is an account of the main events in a person's life. B E A H I S T O R I A N 15. Fernando de Magallanes Crossing the Atlantic Ocean Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus) wanted to reach Asia by sailing west. He presented his plan to the King of Portugal , who rejected it. Colón took it to the Reyes Católicos, who agreed to finance an expedition . (14) The f leet set sail on 3rd August 1492 from Palos de la Frontera (Huelva). After a stopover in the Islas Canarias, they reached the American coast on 12th October 1492. They had reached the island of Guanahaní , which he named San Salvador. Then , he travelled around the islands of Juana (Cuba) and Hispaniola (Santo Domingo), before returning to Europe. (16) Colón thought he was in Cipango ( Japan), but the Earth was larger than he thought. (17) Colón made three more voyages to America . (19) The Italian navigator Américo Vespucio (Amerigo Vespucci) proved that the lands were part of a new continent. In the early 16th centur y the continent was named America in his honour. The first voyage around the world In 1519, an expedition led by Fernando de Magallanes (15) left Sevilla to find a route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean . Their goal was to reach the Moluccas Islands, known as the "spice islands". In 1520, the expedition crossed the strait that joined the two oceans, later named the Estrecho de Magallanes. They continued across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines, where Magallanes died . In 1521, the expedition reached the Moluccas Islands. Juan Sebastián Elcano, captain of Nao Victoria, returned to Spain in 1522 by sailing around Africa, completing the first voyage around the world. (16) 248 5 Rivalry between Castilla and Portugal The rivalr y between Castilla and Portugal led the Reyes Católicos to ask the Pope to help mediate the conflict and decide who had rights over the new lands. Despite this, the two countries eventually came to an agreement without the Pope's help. Castilla and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. The Treaty established a line of division between the Castilian and Portuguese territories. This line would be along a meridian around 2,000 km west of Cape Verde. The lands to the west of the meridian were to belong to Castilla , and the lands to the east of the meridian to Portugal . This meant that most of the Americas were left to Castilla . Portugal would have Africa and Asia as well as Brazil , which they reached years after the treaty. The discoveries led to the creation of two great overseas empires, the Spanish and the Portuguese, and the beginning of European dominance throughout the world . As a result of the expeditions, a great deal was learnt about the new territories around the world . Many new species of plants and animals were discovered . 16. Map and timeline of the main expeditions of Castilla Compare Colón and Magallanes' missions. Which mission proved the Earth was round? How? Analyse. Why did Colón ask Portugal to fund his mission first? Was his expedition risky? Why do you think Castilla paid for it? Explain when and why the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed. What did the treaty establish? Reflect. Would you describe this era as the era of exploration? Explain your answer. K E Y Q U E S T I O N S 508877_09_p231_leyenda_expediciones_castellanas_GEODOS SOURCE: ENRIQUE MARTÍNEZ RUIZ et al., Atlas histórico, Edad Moderna. AZTEC EMPIRE MAYAN CIVILISATION INCA EMPIRE Estrecho de Magallanes Cape of Good Hope Islamic World Moluccas Ceylon Calicut Porto Seguro Macau CHINESE EMPIRE CIPANGO (JAPAN) Philippines Elcano (1522) Magallanes (1520-1521) Islas Canarias Cape Verde Is. 312659_05_p249_expediciones_castellanas Gulf of Guinea Congo Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Prime Meridian PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN Guanahaní (San Salvador) Colón’s rst voyage 1492-1493 Magallanes and Elcano’s voyage 1519-1522 1493-1496 Colón’s second voyage 1498-1500 Colón’s third voyage 1499 Alonso de OjedaAmérico Vespucio 1502-1504 Colón’s fourth voyage 1519-1522 Magallanes and Elcano’s voyage 1492-1493 Colón’s rst voyage THE MA I N EXPED I T I ONS OF CAST I L LA 1513 Núñez de Balboa discovers the Paci c Ocea 312659_05_p246_LT_castellanos 249
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy