The best of both worlds At Santillana we take our environmental responsibility seriously. For that reason, we use: Paper from sustainable forests Certified printing companies with good environmental and energy management 100 % recyclable plastic S E C O N D A R Y 2 S E C O N D A R Y 2 Atlas Atlas THE CHALLENGE 5 Make connections with your life, your interests, and the world around you. Find the link between what you've learnt and the world in which you live with GEOGRAPHY and HISTORY IN MY LIFE. Critical thinking. In the USE INFORMATION RESPONSIBLY and TRUE OR FALSE? section you will find suggestions for learning how to create truthful content and for deconstructing fake news and myths. Open your mind. Analyse and contrast OTHER POINTS OF VIEW. This will help you understand the diversity of the world in which you live. In addition, there is helpful support material available: With the STUDY NOTES you can revise the key concepts of each unit and check your progress. The GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ATLAS will help you understand to the world in which you live. TAKE ACTION and complete the CHALLENGE to create a more equal, fair and sustainable world. CORE SKILLS 4 If you go sailing, remember your nautical chart 10 Find out about Abraham Cresques and what he contributed to cartography. 11 Look at the portolan chart. What part of the world does it show? Which geographical features can you see? Think about the meaning of the straight lines drawn on the map. What do they represent? Which aspects of Cresques' portolan chart stand out the most? Why? Give your opinion. 12 Compare this portolan chart with a present-day map of the same area. How are they different? 13 MAKE CONNECTIONS. Think and compare. In which situations do you think someone from the 15th century might need a nautical chart? What about today? How do you think a portolan chart was made? How did cartographers obtain information? How do you think nautical charts are made today? You must have heard of the Titanic. It sank in 1912, during its first ever voyage. More than 1,500 people died . The impact it caused was so great that in 1914, a conference was organised to discuss maritime safety. This conference was the start of the Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea . The convention established nautical charts as a fundamental tool for safe navigation . A nautical chart is a map which shows navigable waters and the surrounding land to scale. It usually indicates aspects such as the depth of the water, the composition of the seabed , the coastline, the high and low tides, and harbours. It also identifies navigational aids, such as lighthouses, as well as hazards, such as rocks or reefs. Today, both paper and digital nautical charts are available. The first charts were created in the 13th centur y. These were hand-drawn on parchment and were called portolan charts. Portolan charts were the first nautical charts in histor y. At a time when trade was growing, they were made to identify routes for the transport of goods. They were used until the 17th centur y. Portolan charts showed coasts, sea routes (marked with straight lines) and obstacles that could make navigation difficult. For inland areas, only elements that helped navigation from the sea were displayed on the chart, such as mountains, capes and river mouths. H I S T O R Y I N M Y L I F E 31. Part of Abraham Cresques' portolan chart, made between 1370 and 1380 258 5 S TA R T I N G P O I N T 1. In your group, think about where in the school you can organise the exhibition. This will help you to decide on some general aspects. For example: How wi l l you establ i sh the order of the tour? Can you set up di spl ay boards and/ or posters? How many peopl e can you f i t in the space? Wi l l you organi se v i s i t ing t imes? Where wi l l the exhibi t i on star t? 2. Think and discuss when you will hold the exhibition. Will you use it to celebrate a specific day, such as Science and Technology Day? 3. Think of an interesting title for the exhibition. The spread of navigational tools, as well as the application of improvements and new techniques in shipbuilding, was one of the driving forces behind sea travel. These voyages gave us a more accurate knowledge of the shape and size of the Earth. Share your knowledge of the technological advances that made the explorations possible with the rest of the students in your school. P R E PA R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 4. In your group, decide which tools, objects, techniques, etc. you want to show. For example: Boats: naos, caravels, galleons, etc. Maps from the Modern Age. Sailing instruments. Improvements made to ships. 5. Look for information and prepare posters or information boards. 6. Organise the information into sections. 7. Look for photos of what you want to show or create explanatory drawings. You could also make simple models. S H A R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 8. Work as a group to set up the exhibition. Distribute the tasks in order to work more efficiently. 9. Advertise the exhibition. Use different techniques in order to reach all the students in your school. Make posters and put them up in different places around the school. Put an advert on the school's website. Visit other classes to explain your project. 10. Encourage each other to be guides for the exhibition. TA K E AC T I O N Organise an exhibition on technological advances in the Modern Age CHALLE NGE 261 5 Social networks are online platforms that allow us to share text, images and audio instantly with many people at the same time. Imagine if Juan Sebastián Elcano had been able to tell us about his experience of the first round-the-world voyage via a social network such as Twitter? Create a thread on Twitter: #worldtour1522 14 Research Magallanes and Elcano's expedition. Compare information from different sources and write down the facts you are going to use. 15 Imagine you are Juan Sebastián Elcano and it is August 1522. Think about what you are going to write on Twitter. Your tweet should: Mention the main events on the voyage from when it set sail from Sevilla in 1519. Describe the places you have seen. Describe the dangers, fears and difficulties faced by the crew members. Explain how you feel after almost three years of travelling. 16 DISCUSS. Share your tweets with your classmates. What are the advantages and disadvantages of social networks in the study of history? Do they allow you to study the topics in detail? Discuss with your classmates. U S E I N F O R M A T I O N R E S P O N S I B LY C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Did Europeans know that America existed in 1492? 32. El regreso de Juan Sebastián Elcano, by Elías Salavarría in the early 20th century 33. Statue dedicated to Leif Erikson in Greenland 17 INVESTIGATE Find out who Leif Erikson was. In which century did he live? What people did he belong to? Find Greenland on a map. What peoples colonised it during the Middle Ages? 18 CONTRAST Which sources did you use to find the information? Did the sources contain the same information? Are they reliable sources? Why do you think so? 19 DECIDE In 1492 did Colón know that he had discovered a new continent? Why? Were the Vikings the first Europeans to reach America? Explain. When did the Europeans first learn that America existed? Explain. OR FALSE ? T R U E 259 S TA R T I N G P O I N T 1. A blog is an entry on a website in which you can present your knowledge and opinions. Users can make comments about the blog. Find out more about the characteristics of blogs. 2. Decide how often you will post your blogs. For example, every day, weekly, monthly, etc. How many people from the Renaissance that you have heard of are men and how many are women? The lists are probably not equal. Women in the 15th and 16th centuries had to live with the limits imposed by society to develop their professional careers or simply make their own decisions. However, despite the difficulties, many women overcame these barriers and excelled in politics, painting, science and literature. Write a blog in order to promote these forgotten women and share the role they played in the construction of the Modern Age. P R E PA R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 3. Look for information about the prominent women of the 15th and 16th centuries. Choose women mentioned in this unit and others. Classify the names you choose by country of origin, the field they excelled in, etc. 4. Write a short biography of each women. Use the question: "Who were they?" 5. Try to find images of the women you choose. If they were an artist, include examples of their work. 6. Start to write your blog using the content you have chosen. S H A R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 7. Make a presentation. Share your project with the class. 8. Check whether your blog has achieved its objective. Consider the people who are following the blog, the number of views it receives, the comments people make, etc. Plautilla Nelli Gaspara Stampa Catalina de Médici Esther Inglis Gracia Nasí Margarita de Navarra Charlotte Guillard Levina Teerlinc Amina de Zazzau Marietta Robusti Maddalena Casulana Write a blog to promote the role of women in the construction of the Modern Age 50. Margarita de Navarra Luisa de Medrano TA K E AC T I O N CHALLE N GE 291 Today, crossing the Atlantic from Spain will take around eight hours by plane or around a week by boat. In the 16th centur y, crossing the Atlantic was an adventure that lasted several months. In addition to overcrowding, poor hygiene and a lack of food; passengers faced diseases such as scur vy and typhus, as well as storms and pirate attacks. Passengers paid a high price for a ticket and risked their lives to arrive safely. Crossing the Atlantic in the past versus the present 20 Read the comic and answer the questions. What does it show? Name five things that happened on voyages to America in the Modern Age. Were the passengers comfortable? Explain. 21 COMMUNICATION. Compare and evaluate. What is travel to America like today? What has changed since the 15th century? Do technological advances improve our lives? Why do you think thousands of people travelled from Spain to America in the Modern Age if it was so dangerous? 22 UNDERSTAND OTHERS. Think and answer. Imagine you are a sailor at the beginning of the 16th century. Why would you choose to set off on a voyage to America? Imagine you are a passenger. How would you feel before boarding the ship? O T H E R P O I N T S O F V I E W We boarded a ship in Sevilla. Finally the food arrived: cake and dried meat. Gigantic waves and strong winds rocked the ship. I hope we survive... Everything was full. A goat tried to eat our things. The captain gave orders while the crew did their jobs. Finally, some peace and quiet... Land! After 89 days we have arrived in La Española. A typhus epidemic has started on the ship. Some people have already died. Yuck! The water is green. 260 9 The World Health Organisation ( WHO) has declared the period between 2021 and 2030 as the Decade of Healthy Ageing. The aim is to get governments, institutions, companies and society as a whole to develop projects that improve elderly people’s quality of life. The aim is to enable them to be who they want to be and be able to do what is important to them. Organise a visit to a home for the elderly. Think about the activities you can do with them during the visit. Talk to them and ask them questions about how they feel, what they worry about and the things they enjoy doing. This will be a very enriching experience, both for the elderly people and for you. Organise a visit to a home for the elderly S H A R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 5. At the end of the visit, share your experience. Did the residents make you feel welcome? Did the residents take part in the activities? Did they enjoy them? Did the activities go well? Are you satisfied with how they went? What was your highlight of the visit? Was the experience valuable? Why? Would you do it again? Would you change anything about your experience? P R E PA R E YO U R P R OJ E C T 3. Find out which residential homes for the elderly are in your area. Choose one. With the help of your teacher, contact the people in charge of the residence to arrange a visit. Explain your project to them. 4. Think about how you are going to organise the workshop or activity. Divide up the tasks. Consider the time you have available. What will you need to bring? For example games, a guitar for singing, craft materials or music. S TA R T I N G P O I N T 1. Experts believe that visits like these contribute to improving elderly people’s health and wellbeing. Talking to them and involving them in an entertaining group activity will encourage them to leave their comfort zone and to interact with other people inside and outside the residence. It will also reduce any feelings of loneliness, improve their mood and stimulate their concentration and memory. 2. Decide what you are going to do during the visit. For example, play games, create a theatre workshop, read stories, do crafts or organise a dance competition. TA K E AC T I O N CHALLE NGE 201 Study notes Geography and History The best of both worlds At Santillana we take our environmental responsibility seriously. For that reason, we use: Paper from sustainable forests Certified printing companies with good environmental and energy management 100 % recyclable plastic Geography and History S E C O N D A R Y 2 S E C O N D A R Y 2
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