KEY CONCEPTS Geography and History S E C O N D A R Y S Y L L A B U S
Essential knowledge Unit . Technology and the geographic study of the Earth • What is planet Earth like? • How we represent the Earth • Maps: reality in miniature • Geographic coordinates: the exact position of a point Unit . How the Earth’s relief affects populations • What is relief? • The formation of relief: folds and faults • The formation of relief: volcanoes and earthquakes • How does relief change? • The effect of human activities on relief Unit . The challenge of climate change in Spain and Andalucía • The atmosphere is essential for life on Earth • Air pollution • The Earth’s temperatures • What causes precipitation? • What are atmospheric pressure and wind? • The challenges of climate change • Climate challenges in Spain • Climate and climate change in Andalucía Unit . The sustainable use of Earth’s waters • The importance of water on our planet • Sea water • Rivers • Other continental waters Unit . How the Earth’s landscapes affect people • What is a landscape? • Equatorial landscapes • Tropical landscapes • Desert landscapes • Oceanic landscapes • Mediterranean landscapes • Continental landscapes • Cold landscapes Unit . The physical environment of the continents • The relief of Europe • The waters of Europe • The climates and landscapes of Europe • Africa • America • Asia • Oceania and Antarctica Unit . Spain and Andalucía: preserving the natural environment • The relief of Spain • The wealth and fragility of Spain’s coasts • The waters of Spain • The diversity of natural landscapes • The physical environment of Andalucía • Protecting the coasts of Andalucía • Looking after Andalucía’s waters • The natural landscapes of Andalucía Unit . Prehistory: the origin of humanity • What is Prehistory? • What was life like in the Palaeolithic Age? • Was the Neolithic Age a revolution? • What changes happened in the Metal Ages? • When did people first create art? • The Spanish and Andalusian territory in Prehistory Unit . The birth of writing. Early civilisations • River valley civilisations • The history of Mesopotamia • What was life like in Mesopotamia? • The history of Ancient Egypt • The pharaoh’s government • Egyptian people and ways of life • Egyptian divinities and temples • Life after death Unit . Ancient Greek civilisation. The origin of democracy • The origins of Greek civilisation • The Archaic period. The first poleis • The Classical period. Athens and Sparta • The Hellenistic period. Alexander the Great • Greek society and economy • Beliefs in Ancient Greece • Greek sculpture and pottery • Greek knowledge Unit . Roman civilisation. A great empire • The origins of Rome • From the Monarchy to the Republic • Expansion and crisis in the Republic • The Empire and Pax Romana • Economic activities and the environment • A passion for urban planning • Roman sculpture, painting and mosaics • Roman beliefs: from polytheism to Christianity Unit . Pre-Roman and Roman Hispania. A cultural mosaic • Pre-Roman peoples: the Iberians • Pre-Roman peoples: the Celts • The colonisers: Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians • The Roman conquest of Hispania • Society and economy in Hispania • Hispania, a Romanised province • Roman Baetica Geography and History SECONDARY 2
Essential knowledge Unit . The Early Middle Ages. New regions of power • The break-up of the Roman Empire Germanic invasions • The Germanic kingdoms • Rural Germanic society • The Franks and the Carolingian Empire • The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire • Life during the Byzantine Empire • The origins and spread of Islam • Islamic society and economy • Science, culture and art in the Islamic civilisation Unit . Feudal society. Rights and inequalities • New waves of invasions • The weakness of the monarchies • The foundations of feudal society • The peasantry • The nobility • The Church and the clergy • The spread of Christianity • Romanesque architecture • Romanesque sculpture and painting Unit . The resurgence of European cities • The expansion of agriculture and trade • The growth of crafts • City life in the Middle Ages • The cultural transformation of cities • The growth of royal power • The crisis of the 14th century • The urban Gothic style • Gothic sculpture and painting Unit . Al-Andalus and the Hispanic Christian kingdoms. The challenge of coexistence • The birth of Al-Andalus. Conquest and emirate • The Caliphate of Córdoba • Al-Andalus after the end of the caliphate • What was life like in Al-Andalus? • Andalusí art and culture • The birth and evolution of the Kingdom of León • The Corona de Castilla • Christian settlements in the Pirineos • The Corona de Aragón • Expansion of the Christian kingdoms and repopulation • Art and culture in the Christian kingdoms Unit . The beginning of the Modern Age. The desire to explore • Europe in the 15th century • Technological development. The key to expeditions • The Portuguese expeditions • The expeditions of Castilla • America before Cristóbal Colón’s arrival Unit . A newway of thinking. The construction of the Modern Age • A new way of thinking • Renaissance architecture • Renaissance sculpture • Renaissance painting • The Reformation and Counter-Reformation • A period of economic growth • Social change. The rise of the bourgeoisie • The birth of the modern state. The Reyes Católicos Unit . The Spanish Monarchy. A global empire • Imperial policy. Carlos I and Felipe II • Imperial policy. Problems and conflicts • The government of a vast empire • Economy and society in the Spanish Empire • The conquest of America • Organisation and administration of Colonial America • Organisation of the economy of Colonial America Unit . The Baroque period: New hegemonic powers • A period of crises • The decline of the Hispanic Monarchy • The end of Spanish hegemony • French absolutism: Louis XIV • The United Provinces and England • Scientific and cultural revolution • Baroque art • Baroque art in Andalucía Unit . Demographic challenges of the 21st century • Which indicators tell us about the population? • Population growth is slowing down • Populations are ageing • Migration: human dignity and universal rights • Uneven population distribution is increasing • Demographic challenges in the EU and Spain Unit . The pressures of an increasingly urban world • The defining features of a city • The growth of cities • Great urban spaces • A hierarchy between cities • Major urban challenges • Rural versus urban areas Unit . A geographic study on inequality • Wealth inequality • Gender inequality • Inequality in childhood and old age • Humanitarian crises have increased inequality • Goal: reducing global inequality Unit . Alliances between states: cooperating to advance • The new world order • Cooperation between states • International tensions: 21st century conflicts • Conflicts over natural resources • Managing international migrations Geography and History SECONDARY 3
Essential knowledge Unit . The world economy. How globalisation affects us • Economic activity • Who carries out the economic activity? • What do companies need for production? • How the labour market works • The predominance of the capitalist system • A global economy • The traditional economic powers • The new world powers of the 21st century Unit . Food production: key to the Agenda 2030 • The primary sector around the world • Does the physical environment restrict agriculture nowadays? • Types of agriculture and agricultural landscapes • Commercial agriculture in developed countries • Traditional agriculture in developing countries • Plantations in developing countries • Livestock farming, a growing activity • Fishing and aquaculture • The primary sector in the European Union • The primary sector in the Spanish economy • The primary sector in Andalucía • The current challenges of the primary sector Unit . The need for more sustainable energy and industry • Mining activity • Exploitation of energy sources • The growth of renewable energy • Major energy producers and consumers • Industrial activity • From the First Industrial Revolution to Industry 4.0 • The importance of location to industries • Who are the leading industrial producers? • The EU: strengths and weaknesses of the industrial sector • The secondary sector in Spain • Mining, energy exploitation and industry in Andalucía • Industry and the environment Unit . Trade and transport as drivers of the economy • The dominance of the tertiary sector in economies • Trade leads the service sector • The organisation of world trade • Transport • More efficient overland transport • Shipping and the rise of containers • Air transport • The EU, a global trading power • Trade and transport in Spain and Andalucía • The environmental impact of transport Unit . Tourism and other services related to the economy and welfare • The growing demand for tourism services • The world’s top tourist destinations • Tourism in Spain and Andalucía • How can tourism help to achieve the SDGs? • Financial and ICT services • Other services that provide revenue and welfare Unit 6. The demographic challenge and rural depopulation • World population growth • Societies are ageing • Spain and Andalucía’s demographic problems • Urban space versus rural space • Population concentrated in cities • Sustainable cities and spaces for coexistence • Depopulation of the Spanish countryside Unit . Geopolitics, conflicts and cooperation for peace • Territory is organised into states • Spain, a democratic state • The autonomous community of Andalucía • The international community • Conflicts between states • International humanitarian law • Cooperating for peace • Why was the European Union created? • The current challenges facing the EU Unit . The challenges of the globalised world and the SDGs • Contrasts in human development • An end to poverty and zero hunger • Health, wellbeing, clean water and sanitation • Quality education and decent jobs • Gender equality • Climate action • Preserving terrestrial and marine ecosystems • Factors that slow a country’s development • Solidarity, cooperation and development aid Geography and History SECONDARY 4
Essential knowledge Unit . The crisis of the Old Regime. The origin of the contemporary world • The society and economy of the Old Regime • Different political systems • The Enlightenment, the seed of contemporary political thought • Borbón absolutism in Spain • Enlightened despotism in Spain • Andalucía in the 18th century. The Enlightenment Unit . Liberal revolutions. The conquest of individual and collective rights • The American Revolution • The outbreak of the French Revolution • The radicalisation of the French Revolution • Europe under Napoleon • The Conservative Order • New revolutionary waves (1820-1848) • Nationalism. The unification of Italy • The unification of Germany Unit . The Industrial Revolution and imperialism. Dividing up the world • Great Britain: the start of the Industrial Revolution • The first pioneering industries • The impact of the transport revolution • The Second Industrial Revolution • The spread of the Industrial Revolution • Population and cities in times of industrialisation • The class system • The birth of the labour movement • Imperialism • Colonial empires • The organisation of the colonies and its effects Unit . The transformation of Spain in the 19th century. The liberal revolution • TheWar of Independence. Andalucía • The Parliament of Cádiz • Fernando VII, the return to absolutism • The independence of the Spanish-American colonies • Isabel II and the construction of a liberal state • From the Sexenio Democrático to the Restoration • The construction of the liberal state in Andalucía • The delay of the Industrial Revolution in Spain • The failed industrialisation of Andalucía • The new society. The workers’ movement • 19th century society in Andalucía. Social unrest Unit . A tough start to the 20th century. The First World War • What led to the outbreak of war? • The outbreak of war • The course of the war • Living with war • Peace and the consequences of war • 1905, the origins of the Russian Revolution • The revolutions of 1917 and the Russian Civil War Unit . The interwar years: economic crisis and totalitarianism • The fragile economic recovery of the 1920s • The crash of 1929 and the Great Depression • Democracies in crisis • Fascist Italy • The road to Nazism in Germany • Nazi Germany • The creation of the USSR • The USSR under Stalin’s dictatorship Unit . The Second World War. A world close to destruction • The causes of the Second World War • The German offensive • The Allied counterattack • The Holocaust • The occupied countries: collaboration or resistance? • The end of the war and territorial changes • Other consequences of the war Unit . Spain: from the Crisis of ‘98 to the Civil War • The decline of the Restoration’s political system • The Restoration in Andalucía. Andalucismo • The proclamation of the Second Republic • A time of reform • The crisis of the Republic • The Second Republic in Andalucía • The beginning of the Civil War • The course of the Civil War • Life during the Civil War • Consequences of the Civil War • The Civil War in Andalucía Unit . The Cold War. A period that rocked the world • What was the Cold War? • The Cold War blocs • Open hostility between the two superpowers • The years of peaceful coexistence • The return to maximum tension • The road to the end of the Cold War Unit . Decolonisation of the world • The causes of decolonisation • The independence of India and Pakistan • The decolonisation of Southeast Asia and Oceania • The decolonisation of theMiddle East and theMaghreb • The independence of sub-Saharan Africa • Independence and economic development Unit . The world’s major changes since 1945. Tensions and challenges • Economy and society in the Western World • The evolution of Western Europe • The USA, the great power of the Western World • Latin America: dictatorships and Indigenismo • From the USSR to the Russian Federation • The evolution of Eastern Europe • China, a major world power • Other regions of Asia • Africa after the Cold War • The Islamic world Unit . Spain: from dictatorship to democracy • What was Francoism? • The era of autarky • The era of development • The end of the dictatorship • Francoism in Andalucía • The Transition • Democratic Spain • The economy and society in democratic Spain • The Transition in Andalucía • Andalucía today Geography and History SECONDARY 5
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