Essential knowledge Unit . The Early Middle Ages. New regions of power • The break-up of the Roman Empire Germanic invasions • The Germanic kingdoms • Rural Germanic society • The Franks and the Carolingian Empire • The rise and fall of the Byzantine Empire • Life during the Byzantine Empire • The origins and spread of Islam • Islamic society and economy • Science, culture and art in the Islamic civilisation Unit . Feudal society. Rights and inequalities • New waves of invasions • The weakness of the monarchies • The foundations of feudal society • The peasantry • The nobility • The Church and the clergy • The spread of Christianity • Romanesque architecture • Romanesque sculpture and painting Unit . The resurgence of European cities • The expansion of agriculture and trade • The growth of crafts • City life in the Middle Ages • The cultural transformation of cities • The growth of royal power • The crisis of the 14th century • The urban Gothic style • Gothic sculpture and painting Unit . Al-Andalus and the Hispanic Christian kingdoms. The challenge of coexistence • The birth of Al-Andalus. Conquest and emirate • The Caliphate of Córdoba • Al-Andalus after the end of the caliphate • What was life like in Al-Andalus? • Andalusí art and culture • The birth and evolution of the Kingdom of León • The Corona de Castilla • Christian settlements in the Pirineos • The Corona de Aragón • Expansion of the Christian kingdoms and repopulation • Art and culture in the Christian kingdoms Unit . The beginning of the Modern Age. The desire to explore • Europe in the 15th century • Technological development. The key to expeditions • The Portuguese expeditions • The expeditions of Castilla • America before Cristóbal Colón’s arrival Unit . A newway of thinking. The construction of the Modern Age • A new way of thinking • Renaissance architecture • Renaissance sculpture • Renaissance painting • The Reformation and Counter-Reformation • A period of economic growth • Social change. The rise of the bourgeoisie • The birth of the modern state. The Reyes Católicos Unit . The Spanish Monarchy. A global empire • Imperial policy. Carlos I and Felipe II • Imperial policy. Problems and conflicts • The government of a vast empire • Economy and society in the Spanish Empire • The conquest of America • Organisation and administration of Colonial America • Organisation of the economy of Colonial America Unit . The Baroque period: New hegemonic powers • A period of crises • The decline of the Hispanic Monarchy • The end of Spanish hegemony • French absolutism: Louis XIV • The United Provinces and England • Scientific and cultural revolution • Baroque art • Baroque art in Andalucía Unit . Demographic challenges of the 21st century • Which indicators tell us about the population? • Population growth is slowing down • Populations are ageing • Migration: human dignity and universal rights • Uneven population distribution is increasing • Demographic challenges in the EU and Spain Unit . The pressures of an increasingly urban world • The defining features of a city • The growth of cities • Great urban spaces • A hierarchy between cities • Major urban challenges • Rural versus urban areas Unit . A geographic study on inequality • Wealth inequality • Gender inequality • Inequality in childhood and old age • Humanitarian crises have increased inequality • Goal: reducing global inequality Unit . Alliances between states: cooperating to advance • The new world order • Cooperation between states • International tensions: 21st century conflicts • Conflicts over natural resources • Managing international migrations Geography and History SECONDARY 3
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